Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent