Art11

Member State report / Art11 / 2020 / D4 / Finland / Baltic Sea

Report type	Member State report to Commission
MSFD Article	Art. 11 Monitoring programmes (and Art. 17 updates)
Report due	2020-10-15
GES Descriptor	D4 Food webs/D1 Ecosystems
Member State	Finland
Region/subregion	Baltic Sea
Reported by	Finnish Environment Institute
Report date	2020-10-31
Report access	ART11_Programmes_Merge__6_.xml msfd-ART11_Strategies_1__3_.xml

Simplified table

Descriptor	D4/D1
Monitoring strategy description	Food webs are monitored by the monitoring programmes producing information of marine mammals (apex predators), seabirds (apex predators, fish feeders, benthic feeders, grazers), fish (predatory, planktivorous, benthic feeders), benthic invertebrates (deposit feeders, filter feeders), zooplankton and primary producers (phytoplankton, macrophytes).
Coverage of GES criteria	Adequate monitoring was in place in 2014
Gaps and plans	No gaps.
Related targets	LUONTO1 LUONTO2
Coverage of targets	Adequate monitoring was in place in 2014
Related measures	BALFI-M011-FISH - 'FISH1 - Assessment of the possibilities and need for improving the effectiveness of restrictions on fishing of coastal species' BALFI-M026-HABIT - 'HABIT2 - Action plans for endangered species and habitats'
Coverage of measures	Adequate monitoring was in place in 2014
Related monitoring programmes	04 06ben-1 06ben-2 06ben-3 06ben-5 06bir-1 06bir-2 06bir-3 06bir-4 06bir-5 06mam-1 06mam-2 06mam-3 06pel-1 06pel-2 BALFI-d01 BALFI-d03-1 BALFI-d03-2 BALFI-d05-3
Programme code	BALFI-D01,04,06ben-1										BALFI-D01,04,06ben-2													BALFI-D01,04,06ben-3						BALFI-D01,04,06ben-5			BALFI-D01,04,06bir-1											BALFI-D01,04,06bir-2								BALFI-D01,04,06bir-4				BALFI-D01,04,06mam-1		BALFI-D01,04,06mam-2		BALFI-D01,04,06mam-3		BALFI-D01,04,06pel-1						BALFI-D01,04,06pel-2						BALFI-D03-1						BALFI-D03-2											BALFI-D05-3				BALFI-d01,04,06bir-3		BALFI-d01,04,06bir-5
Programme name	Offshore soft bottom macrozoobenthos										Coastal waters soft bottom fauna													Coastal hard bottom macroalgae and blue mussel communities						Soft bottom macrophytes			Marine breeding birds											Marine wintering birds								White tailed eagle breeding success				Seal adundance		Seal state of health		Abundance and distribution of harbour porpoises		Zooplankton species composition and abundance						Phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass						Fisheries data collection						Commercial fisheries catch statistics											Phytoplankton pigments				Mass mortalities of breeding sea birds		Hunting of sea birds and seals
Update type	Same programme as in 2014										Same programme as in 2014													Modified from 2014						New programme			Same programme as in 2014											Same programme as in 2014								Same programme as in 2014				Same programme as in 2014		Same programme as in 2014		New programme		Same programme as in 2014						Same programme as in 2014						Same programme as in 2014						Same programme as in 2014											Same programme as in 2014				Same programme as in 2014		Same programme as in 2014
Old programme codes																								04 06ben-3 BALFI-D01
Programme description	A description of the biological macrozoobenthic communities associated with the predominant seabed habitats. Changes in communities and abundance of alien species.										A description of the biological communities associated with the coastal soft bottom seabed habitats. Changes in communities and abundance of alien species.													Coastal hard bottom habitat forming macroalgae and blue mussel communities and population structure of macrozoobenthic species living in these habitats. Aims to observe structure changes in communities, which are especially affected by eutrophication.						Program monitors changes in macrophyte community (number of species and species coverage) in soft bottoms in coastal and shallow bay areas, which are affected among other things by eutrophication.			Currently the marine breeding birds counting network consists of 45 selected breeding areas situated in the archipelagos along the Finnish coast. About 20-30 of the areas are counted annually, but all areas are counted at least once every third year.											Wintering birds monitoring and data collection on species numbers, abundance and distribution.Work cordinated by HELCOM in Baltic Sea area.								White tailed eagle breeding success monitoring is largely based on volunteers coordinated by Sääksisäätiö-nonprofit organisation				Monitoring of the population dynamics, natural and actual range and status of grey seal and ringed seal. Abundance monitoring is conducted from aircraft. Seal bycatch data is collected from fishermen, which describes human pressure on seal mortality.		Each year, the sub-programme monitors the age and sex structure, reproductive efficiency and health status of seal populations, in particular the nutritional status. Samples are collected from seals caught/recovered by-catches by hunters and fishermen. Most of the samples come from hunted seals.		The sub-programme monitors the presence of porpoise in Finnish territorial waters by acoustic methods in the North Baltic and Ãland Seas, where the species is regularly present. This information is complemented by public perceptions. In addition, data are collected on the number of porpoises kil...		Zooplankton species composition, abundance and biomass						Phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass are monitored by counting phytoplankton from preserved water samples to identify changes in phytoplankton communities (e.g. harmful and invasive species						The sub-programme provides information on fisheries in EU countries. Data on the fish stock is collected by means of fishing samples and sonars. The aim is to provide information, inter alia, on scientific analysis and advice in support of the Common Fisheries Policy.						The sub-programme monitors catches by commercial fishermen and by-catches of birds and mammals. Monitoring shall be based on periodic catch reports from commercial fishermen to the authorities.											Program monitors phytoplankton blooms by monitoring pigments. Program produces information on consequences of eutrophication				Mass mortalities of breeding sea birds are monitored in the vicinity of breeding colonies. Therefore the monitoring is focuses on islands and islets in coastal and territorial waters. Aim is to register number of mass mortality's and causes		Hunting of sea birds and seals is practiced in coastal and territorial waters according to hunting regulations.Hunting organizations carry out game questionnaires. Hunting statistics are maintained by the hunting organizations and stored into a database. Data on species requiring special permit is obtained through the licensing system.
Monitoring purpose	Environmental state and impacts										Environmental state and impacts													Environmental state and impacts						Environmental state and impacts			Environmental state and impacts											Environmental state and impacts								Environmental state and impacts				Environmental state and impacts		Environmental state and impacts		Environmental state and impacts		Environmental state and impacts						Environmental state and impacts						Human activities causing the pressures Pressures in the marine environment						Human activities causing the pressures Pressures in the marine environment											Environmental state and impacts				Environmental state and impacts		Human activities causing the pressures
Other policies and conventions	HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive										HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive Water Framework Directive													HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive Water Framework Directive						Habitats Directive Water Framework Directive			Birds Directive HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive											AEWA Birds Directive HELCOM Monitoring programmes								Birds Directive HELCOM Monitoring programmes				HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive		HELCOM Monitoring programmes		Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive		HELCOM Monitoring programmes						HELCOM Monitoring programmes Water Framework Directive						Data Collection Framework Multi-Annual Plan (Common Fisheries Policy) HELCOM Monitoring programmes Water Framework Directive						Data Collection Framework Multi-Annual Plan (Common Fisheries Policy) HELCOM Monitoring programmes											HELCOM Monitoring programmes Water Framework Directive				Birds Directive		Birds Directive Data Collection Framework Multi-Annual Plan (Common Fisheries Policy) HELCOM Monitoring programmes Habitats Directive
Regional cooperation - coordinating body	HELCOM										Other													HELCOM									HELCOM OSPAR											HELCOM OSPAR								HELCOM				HELCOM		HELCOM		HELCOM		HELCOM						HELCOM						Other						HELCOM Other											HELCOM
Regional cooperation - countries involved	DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE										EE,SE																																	DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE								DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE				DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE		SE		DE,DK,PL,SE		DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE						DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,PL,SE																							DE,DK,EE,LT,LV,SE
Regional cooperation - implementation level	Coordinated data collection										Agreed data collection methods													Common monitoring strategy									Coordinated data collection											Agreed data collection methods								Common monitoring strategy				Coordinated data collection		Coordinated data collection		Agreed data collection methods		Coordinated data collection						Coordinated data collection						Agreed data collection methods						Agreed data collection methods											Coordinated data collection
Monitoring details	Essential information describing this national sub-programme is available in the HELCOM COMBINE manual: http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/benthic-community-species-distribution-and-abundance/softbottom-fauna.										Monitoring is part of the EU Water Framework Directive monitoring of coastal waters. Ref: Mountain et al. (Sampling of soft benthic animals and sediment for VPD monitoring in coastal waters. In: Mountain et al. (ed.) organisation of biological monitoring and acquisition of analyses for river basi...													No monitoring in Bothnian Bay since species monitored do not habitat that area						Diving transects and bathyscope			Rintala J. 2011. Development of Saaristolintu stocks in Finland from 1986 to 2010. â Live Yearbook 2010: 40-51											Methods for flight monitoring are agreed upon by Baltic sea countries on HELCOM (HELCOM 2015). Coastal monitoring is carried out by onshore observers. Offshore monitoring is carried out by boat and airplane.								https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Birds-Marine-bird-health.pdf				FINLAND: https://www.luke.fi/tietoa-luonnonvaroista/riista/hylkeet/hylkeiden-kanta-arvioinnin-menetelmat/. HELCOM: http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/mammals/seals-abundance		FINLAND: https://www.luke.fi/tietoa-luonnonvaroista/riista/hylkeet/hylkeiden-kanta-arvioinnin-menetelmat/ HELCOM: http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/mammals/health-status.		Acoustic monitoring and sightings by citizens. Citizen sightings were coherently collected since 2001, pilot monitoring was started in 2011-2013 and the national monitoring started in 2016.		Program follows HELCOM Combine - https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Guidelines-for-monitoring-of-mesozooplankton.pdf						Samples are taken onboard research vessels under the coastal monitoring (part of EU WFD) and offshore monitoring.												Fishermensâ reporting to authorities.															The sub-programme collects data on mass deaths of seabirds. Information can be obtained from different clubs and other sources of information, in particular public and amateur observations. The aim is to identify the number of mass deaths of seabirds and to identify the causes of death. This is, ...
Features	Shelf ecosystems		Eutrophication	Benthic broad habitats	Chemical characteristics				Physical and hydrological characteristics		Physical and hydrological characteristics	Shelf ecosystems	Physical and hydrological characteristics	Shelf ecosystems	Eutrophication	Benthic broad habitats		Chemical characteristics				Physical and hydrological characteristics		Newly introduced non-indigenous species	Established non-indigenous species	Eutrophication		Benthic broad habitats		Eutrophication		Benthic broad habitats	Grazing birds	Benthic-feeding birds	Grazing birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Wading birds	Benthic-feeding birds	Grazing birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Wading birds	Benthic-feeding birds	Grazing birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Benthic-feeding birds	Grazing birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Disturbance of species (e.g. where they breed, rest and feed) due to human presence	Surface-feeding birds	Disturbance of species (e.g. where they breed, rest and feed) due to human presence	Adverse effects on species or habitats	Seals		Seals	Adverse effects on species or habitats	Small toothed cetaceans		Pelagic broad habitats	Newly introduced non-indigenous species	Established non-indigenous species	Shelf ecosystems			Pelagic broad habitats	Newly introduced non-indigenous species	Shelf ecosystems		Eutrophication		Pelagic shelf fish	Commercially exploited fish and shellfish					Benthic-feeding birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Small toothed cetaceans	Seals	Commercially exploited fish and shellfish			Coastal ecosystems		Fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational)	Shelf ecosystems		Eutrophication		Pelagic-feeding birds	Surface-feeding birds	Benthic-feeding birds	Grazing birds	Pelagic-feeding birds	Seals
Elements	Deposit-feeders Filter-feeders		Benthic habitats - macrobenthic communities	Circalittoral mixed sediment Circalittoral mud Circalittoral sand Offshore circalittoral mixed sediment Offshore circalittoral mud Offshore circalittoral sand	CDOM - colored dissolved organic matter	Dissolved oxygen (O2)	H2S	Salinity	Seabed substrate and morphology	Temperature	Seabed substrate and morphology	Deposit-feeders Filter-feeders Secondary producers	Seabed substrate and morphology	Deposit-feeders Filter-feeders Secondary producers	Benthic habitats - macrobenthic communities	Circalittoral mixed sediment Circalittoral mud Circalittoral sand Infralittoral mixed sediment Infralittoral mud Infralittoral sand		CDOM - colored dissolved organic matter	Dissolved oxygen (O2)	H2S	Salinity	Seabed substrate and morphology	Temperature	Not Applicable	Neogobius melanostomus Palaemon elegans Rhithropanopeus harrisii	Benthic habitats - opportunistic macroalgae	Benthic habitats - macrophyte communities	Circalittoral rock and biogenic reef	Infralittoral rock and biogenic reef	Benthic habitats - opportunistic macroalgae	Benthic habitats - macrophyte communities	Infralittoral mixed sediment Infralittoral mud Infralittoral sand	Branta leucopsis	Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Melanitta fusca Somateria mollissima	Anser anser Branta leucopsis Cygnus olor	Alca torda Cepphus grylle Mergus merganser Mergus serrator Phalacrocorax carbo Podiceps cristatus Uria aalge	Hydroprogne caspia Larus argentatus Larus canus Larus marinus Stercorarius parasiticus Sterna hirundo Sterna paradisaea Sterna sandvicensis Sternula albifrons	Arenaria interpres Calidris alpina Charadrius hiaticula Haematopus ostralegus Larus fuscus Tadorna tadorna	Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Melanitta fusca Somateria mollissima	Anser anser Branta leucopsis Cygnus olor	Alca torda Cepphus grylle Mergus merganser Mergus serrator Phalacrocorax carbo Podiceps cristatus Uria aalge	Hydroprogne caspia Larus argentatus Larus canus Larus marinus Stercorarius parasiticus Sterna hirundo Sterna paradisaea Sterna sandvicensis Sternula albifrons	Arenaria interpres Calidris alpina Charadrius hiaticula Haematopus ostralegus Larus fuscus Tadorna tadorna	Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca	Anas platyrhynchos Cygnus olor	Cepphus grylle Mergellus albellus Mergus merganser Mergus serrator Phalacrocorax carbo	Larus argentatus Larus canus Larus marinus Larus ridibundus	Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Clangula hyemalis Melanitta fusca	Anas platyrhynchos Cygnus olor	Cepphus grylle Mergellus albellus Mergus merganser Mergus serrator Phalacrocorax carbo	Larus argentatus Larus canus Larus marinus Larus ridibundus	Not Applicable	Haliaeetus albicilla	Not Applicable	Haliaeetus albicilla	Halichoerus grypus Pusa hispida		Halichoerus grypus Pusa hispida	Halichoerus grypus Pusa hispida	Phocoena phocoena		Coastal pelagic habitat Shelf pelagic habitat	Not Applicable	Cercopagis pengoi	Secondary producers			Coastal pelagic habitat Shelf pelagic habitat	Not Applicable	Primary producers		Cyanobacteria	Diatoms & Dinoflagellates	Salmo trutta trutta	Clupea harengus Gadus morhua Sprattus sprattus	Anguilla anguilla Clupea harengus Sprattus sprattus	Salmo salar	Anguilla anguilla Sprattus sprattus	Clupea harengus Coregonus lavaretus Perca fluviatilis Salmo salar Sander lucioperca	Benthic-feeding birds (grouped)	Pelagic-feeding birds (grouped)	Surface-feeding birds (grouped)	Phocoena phocoena	Halichoerus grypus Pusa hispida	Esox spp. Perca fluviatilis Sander lucioperca			Fish community		Not Applicable	Primary producers		Chlorophyll-a	Cyanobacteria	Alca torda Uria aalge	Sterna paradisaea	Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Bucephala clangula Clangula hyemalis Somateria mollissima	Anas acuta Anas clypeata Anas crecca Anas penelope Anas platyrhynchos Anser anser Branta canadensis Fulica atra	Mergus merganser Mergus serrator	Halichoerus grypus Pusa hispida
GES criteria	D4C2	D4C3	D5C8	D6C5	NotRelevan				NotRelevan		D4C1	D4C1	D4C2	D4C2	D5C8	D6C5	D7C2	NotRelevan				NotRelevan		D2C1	D2C2	D5C6	D5C7	D6C5		D5C6	D5C7	D6C5	D1C1	D1C2	D1C2	D1C2	D1C2	D1C2	D1C4	D1C4	D1C4	D1C4	D1C4	D1C2	D1C2	D1C2	D1C2	D1C4	D1C4	D1C4	D1C4	D1C2	D1C3	D4C4	D8C2	D1C2	D1C4	D1C3	NotRelevan	D1C2	D1C4	D1C6	D2C1	D2C2	D4C1	D4C2	D4C3	D1C6	D2C1	D4C1	D4C2	D5C3		D1C2	D3C1	D3C2		D3C3		D1C1	D1C1	D1C1	D1C1	D1C1	D3C1	D3C2	D3C3	D4C1	D4C2	NotRelevan	D4C2	D4C4	D5C2	D5C3	D1C3	D1C3	NotRelevan	NotRelevan	NotRelevan	NotRelevan
Parameters	Abundance (number of individuals) Biomass	Size distribution	Abundance (number of individuals) Other	Other	Concentration in sediment (total)	Concentration in water	Other	Salinity	Physical structure of habitat (e.g. sediment characteristics, topographic structure)	Temperature	Other	Other	Abundance (number of individuals) Biomass	Abundance (number of individuals) Biomass	Abundance (number of individuals) Other	Other		Concentration in sediment (total)	Concentration in water	Other	Salinity	Physical structure of habitat (e.g. sediment characteristics, topographic structure)	Temperature	Other Presence	Abundance (number of individuals)	Coverage (e.g. of a species within a habitat or area)	Coverage (e.g. of a species within a habitat or area) Extent	Extent Other		Extent Other	Coverage (e.g. of a species within a habitat or area) Extent	Extent Other	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Distribution (range)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Breeding success Brood size Survival rate	Productivity	Extent	Abundance (number of individuals)	Distribution (range)	Fecundity (breeding rate)	Blubber thickness	Abundance (number of individuals)	Distribution (range)	Other Size distribution	Presence	Abundance (number of individuals) Extent	Other	Abundance (number of individuals) Biomass	Size distribution	Other	Presence	Other	Biomass	Extent	Other	Other	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals)	Abundance (number of individuals) Other	Length Other Size distribution		Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Biomass of Spawning Stock (SSB)	Size distribution	Other	Abundance (number of individuals)	Other	Biomass	Productivity	Concentration in water	Extent Other	Other	Other	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)	Mortality (weight/volume; number of individuals)
Parameter Other			biomass; species richness	Species richness; abundance; biomass; length			See SYKE manual				Species diversity	Number of species		Number of species	Biomass; Species richness	Species richness; Abundance; Biomass				See SYKE manual				Abundance	Abundance			Maximum depth limit and coverage of Mytilus trossu	Diversity of macrofauna on fucus; Macroalgae cover	Coverage % on macrophytes		Species richness																										Blubber thickness				Biomass; Abundance			Diversity			Abundance; Species richness		Species richness; Diversity		Ratio of Diatoms & Dinoflagellates		Number of spawning individuals; Number of smolts			Number of spawning individuals; Number of smolts	Age	age							age		Abundance of Cyprinidae		Fishing effort (days)				Biomass	Mortality	Mortality
Spatial scope	EEZ (or similar)										Coastal waters (WFD)													Coastal waters (WFD)						Coastal waters (WFD)			Territorial waters											EEZ (or similar)								Coastal waters (WFD)				EEZ (or similar)		EEZ (or similar)		EEZ (or similar)		EEZ (or similar)						EEZ (or similar)						EEZ (or similar)						EEZ (or similar)											EEZ (or similar)				EEZ (or similar) Terrestrial part of MS		Territorial waters
Marine reporting units	BAL-FI-AS-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-BB-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-BS-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-GF-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-NB-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-QK-OFFSHORE										BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-QK-COAST													BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-QK-COAST						BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-QK-COAST			BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-QK BAL-FI-QK-COAST											BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-AS-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-BS-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-GF-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-NB-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-QK BAL-FI-QK-COAST BAL-FI-QK-OFFSHORE								BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-QK-COAST				BAL-FI		BAL-FI		BAL-FI BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB		BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-QK						BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-QK						BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-QK						BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-QK											BAL-FI-AS BAL-FI-BB BAL-FI-BS BAL-FI-GF BAL-FI-NB BAL-FI-QK				BAL-FI-AS-COAST BAL-FI-BB-COAST BAL-FI-BS-COAST BAL-FI-GF-COAST BAL-FI-GF-OFFSHORE BAL-FI-QK-COAST		BAL-FI
Temporal scope (start date - end date)	1964-9999										1964-9999													1993-9999						2020-9999			1948-9999											1975-9999								1972-9999				1988-9999		1998-9999		2001-9999		1979-9999						1979-9999						2002-9999						1980-9999											1979-9999				1986-9999		1971-9999
Monitoring frequency	Yearly										Yearly													Yearly						3-yearly			Yearly											Yearly								Yearly				Yearly		Yearly		Continually		Yearly						Yearly						Yearly						Continually											Continually				Other		Continually
Monitoring type	In-situ sampling offshore										In-situ sampling coastal													In-situ sampling coastal						In-situ sampling coastal			Visual observation											Remote flight imagery Visual observation								In-situ sampling land/beach				Remote flight imagery		In-situ sampling coastal		Other		In-situ sampling coastal In-situ sampling offshore						In-situ sampling coastal In-situ sampling offshore						Administrative data collection In-situ sampling coastal In-situ sampling offshore						Administrative data collection											In-situ sampling coastal In-situ sampling offshore Remote satellite imagery				In-situ sampling coastal Visual observation		Administrative data collection
Monitoring method	HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme										HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme													HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme Other monitoring method						Other monitoring method			Other monitoring method											HELCOM Guidelines for coordinated monitoring of wintering birds Other monitoring method								Other monitoring method				HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring seal abundance and distribution in the HELCOM area		HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring reproductive status of seals in the HELCOM area		Other monitoring method		HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme						HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme						Other monitoring method						Other monitoring method											HELCOM Guidelines for measuring chlorophyll a Other monitoring method				Other monitoring method		Other monitoring method
Monitoring method other																								Bladder wrack and macroalgae monitoring follows Finnish Environment Institutes monitoring instructions, which follows HELCOM COMBINE - https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Manual-for-Marine-Monitoring-in-the-COMBINE-Programme-of-HELCOM_PartC_AnnexC9.pdf. Blue mussel monitoring follows bladder wrack monitoring instructions.						The Finnish Inventory Programme for the Underwater Marine Environment (VELMU) - https://www.environment.fi/en-US/VELMU Åbo Akademi - http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-3309-8			Marine breeding birds abundance and distribution - http://helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/birds/marine-breeding-birds-abundance-and-distribution/ Currently the whole counting network consists of 45 selected breeding areas situated in the archipelagos along the Finnish coast. About 20-30 of the areas are counted annually, but all areas are counted at least once every third year.											Koskimies & Väisänen 1991, Hario et al. 1993 & 1995, Lehikoinen et al. 2017								https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Birds-Marine-bird-health.pdf								HELCOM:n asiantuntijaryhmä kehittää parhaillaan koko Itämeren kattavaa indikaattoria ”Abundance and distribution of harbour porpoises”. Tämän indikaattorin kynnysarvoja hyvälle tilalle tai mahdollisia alaindikaattoreita ei ole vielä määritelty, mutta kansalliset merenhoidon hyvän tilan määritelmät ovat: • Pyöriäisen levinneisyysalueen reunat ulottuvat Suomen merialueille, pl. Perämeri, ja se havaitaan vuosittain kullakin merialueella (Suomenlahti, Pohjois-Itämeri, Selkämeri, Merenkurkku, Saaristomeri ja Ahvenanmeri). • Pyöriäisen populaation tulisi kasvaa Itämeren pääaltaalla kohti elinvoimaista populaatiokokoa.														Data collection and handling is coordinated in RCB Baltic group and ICES working groups WGBIFS and WGBAST						Monitoring - https://stat.luke.fi/en/commercial-marine-fishery											https://helcom.fi/media/documents/Water-column-habitats-Pigments.pdf				Monitoring is based on sightings of general public and ornithologists		Hunting organizations carry out game questionnaires. Hunting statistics are maintained by the hunting organizations and stored into a database. Data on species requiring special permit is obtained through the licensing system.
Quality control	Soft bottom sediment monitoring is FINAS-accredited (SFS-EN ISO/IEC 17025) and follows HELCOM COMBINE manual.										Soft bottom sediment monitoring is FINAS-accredited (SFS-EN ISO/IEC 17025) and follows HELCOM COMBINE manual.													HELCOM manual for monitoring in COMBINE: http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/benthic-community-species-distribution-and-abundance/hardbottom-species						Monitoring and methods based on VELMU monitoring			The calculation is based on cavity or other verification of the nesting, so that there are no ambiguous situations at the time of the calculation. For more information, see Hario and Rintala (2011).											Methods are according to Wetlands International- organizations standards. Methods described in HELCOM instructions (Helcom, 2015)								Method developed in co-operation with Swedish and German authorities under HELCOM				The calculation methods should remain constant. When factors affecting the visibility of seals can be taken into account, the overall population estimates are also reliable. The same methodology is used in all Baltic Sea countries. The stock assessment of the regime is only reliable at the level ...		The methodology has been partly harmonised at HELCOM EG MAMA meetings.		The acoustic monitoring method used has been proven to be reliable and widely used in other parts of the world and the results are comparable to those carried out in other Baltic Sea countries. All acoustic observations are manually verified. Visual elements shall be interviewed and the reliability of the findings assessed by the expert group before entering them into the databases.		Offshore sampling follows HELCOM COMBINE program and coastal sampling instructions from Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE). Ring tests for zooplankton identifiers (HELCOM ZEN), Inter-and intra-laboratory calibrations.						Monitoring follows instructions from Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), which are based on HELCOM COMBINE program. Certificate of phytoplankton identification is required from person identifying phytoplankton from the sample						Quality control incorporated to national monitoring						Quality control - https://stat.luke.fi/en/commercial-marine-fishery		Quality control â https://stat.luke.fi/en/commercial-marine-fishery	Quality control - https://stat.luke.fi/en/commercial-marine-fishery								Fluorometers are calibrated annually in laboratory against standards. Analysis procedure is audited annually by FINAS laboratory accreditation				No specified quality control. Data comes from various sources, so mass mortalities are most likely reported		https://stat.luke.fi/tilasto/4428/laatuseloste/4697
Data management	SYKE's POHJE database (https://www.syke.fi/avointieto). The same data is submitted to ICES HELCOM database. HELCOM publishes the indicator data and results: http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/0fdc6cb9-fa15-4ba3-9d73-8aeddb5cff64.										Stored in SYKE's POHJE database. Currently also submitted to ICES and used in the HELCOM indicator.													Database being constructed for the monitoring data.						Data will be compatible with VELMU-data and stored in Laji-GIS database			Primary data only for researchers. Results at HELCOM Biodiversity database Summary of result at HELCOM indicators											Data stored in Finnish Museum of Natural History database. Data reported yearly to Wetlands Internationals database. HELCOM publishes indicator results yearly and publsihed indicator data.								Primary data stored in Finnish Museum of Natural History. HELCOM publishes indicator data.				Raw data is only available to researchers. The seal material shall be available in the Lukeâs comparison database and public viewable and open clustered number data, with an accuracy of 50 km of ICES rectangles. For each rectangle, a multiple of the calculation times the maximum data of the detected halls shall be reported. For elephants (Fael Sea), the original data is in Swedish.		Raw data not in publicly available. Data to indicator: http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/106828cf-70af-4e52-b8d2-bc413c387852	Raw data not in publicly available. Data to indicator: Http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/106828cf-70af-4e52-b8d2-bc413c387852	Acoustic primary data only for researches to use		Data saved to SYKE data center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) plankton database and International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data portal. Results can be found from HELCOM indicators						Data is saved into Finland's environmental administrations Hertta- data system and submitted to ICES.						National databases and submissions to ICES DATRAS and ICES Acoustic trawl surveys database.						National database:http://www.ely-keskus.fi/web/ely/saalisseuranta. Summary statisitcs:https://statdb.luke.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/LUKE/LUKE__06 Kala ja riista__02 Rakenne ja tuotanto__02 Kaupallinen kalastus merella/?tablelist															Mortality data not publicly available Bird ringing data available online		Primary data only accessible for researchers
Data access	http://ices.dk/data/dataset-collections/Pages/HELCOM.aspx,http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/0fdc6cb9-fa15-4ba3-9d73-8aeddb5cff64,https://www.syke.fi/avointieto										https://www.syke.fi/avointieto													https://www.metsa.fi/maat-ja-vedet/paikkatieto/paikkatietojarjestelmat/#LajiGis						https://www.metsa.fi/maat-ja-vedet/paikkatieto/paikkatietojarjestelmat/#LajiGis			http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/86bb9eaa-4932-4fa7-830e-30a3dbc10e3a,https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/fi/eu/art12/envxabcra/											http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/a3c594e0-969e-4aee-b5a7-643c4b853de4,https://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/fi/eu/art12/envxabcra/,https://laji.fi/theme/talvilintulaskenta/stats/species								http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/6efbd1e4-4a8c-4811-8ab6-1487003990cd,http://www.luomus.fi/talvilinnut				http://riistahavainnot.fi/hylkeet/tiheys,https://helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/indicators/		http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/106828cf-70af-4e52-b8d2-bc413c387852,http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/9f4f55d8-0e23-46cc-83f7-7b59ef48633a		http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/0c359a75-bb20-4603-a447-fa9381c2b088		http://ecosystemdata.ices.dk/inventory/index.aspx?HELCOM=0&Area=HELCOM&LatN=&LatS=&LonE=&LonW=&Sdate=&Edate=&Filter=,http://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/2fda6dbc-acc1-4de9-86a9-366de22a349a,https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/plankton/content/region_baltic.html						http://ices.dk/data/dataset-collections/Pages/HELCOM.aspx,https://www.syke.fi/avointieto						http://ices.dk/data/dataset-collections/Pages/Fish-trawl-survey.aspx,https://www.ices.dk/data/dataset-collections/Pages/HELCOM.aspx						http://www.ely-keskus.fi/web/ely/saalisseuranta,https://stat.luke.fi/en/uusi-etusivu,https://statdb.luke.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/LUKE/LUKE__06%20Kala%20ja%20riista__02%20Rakenne%20ja%20tuotanto__02%20Kaupallinen%20kalastus%20merella/?tablelist=true&rxid=0266bbbe-b8bd-4491-bcf6-90622cf7ca35											http://ices.dk/data/dataset-collections/Pages/HELCOM.aspx,http://syke.fi/TARKKA,http://www.syke.fi/avointieto				https://rengastus.helsinki.fi/tuloksia/Rengastus		https://riista.fi/riistatalous/riistakannat/,https://stat.luke.fi/en/hunting
Related indicator/name	State of the soft bottom macrofauna community State and diversity of the soft bottom fauna State of Gulf of Finland seabed										State and diversity of the soft bottom fauna													State of the macrophytes State of the coastal macrophytes						State of the macrophytes			Abundance of Waterbirds in the Breeding Season Abundance of breeding bird populations											Abundance of waterbirds in the wintering season Abundance of wintering birds								White-tailed eagle productivity				Distribution of Baltic seals Population trends and abundance of seals Seal abundance Seal distribution area		Nutritional status of seals Reproductive status of seals Seal breeding status Seal nutrition status				Zooplankton mean size and total stock (MSTS)						Cyanobacteria bloom index (CyaBI) Phytoplankton community composition Taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton (Shannon95)						Abundance of Sea Trout Spawners and Parr Eastern cod stock and fishing mortality Herring stock and fishing mortality in Central Baltic Herring stock and fishing mortality in Gulf of Bothnia Sprat stock and fishing mortality Abundance of Salmon spawners and smolt Number of drowned mammals and waterbirds in fishing gear Catch of Perch and Pike-Perch Whitefish size distribution Selective fishing intensity on sea trouts						Abundance of Key Coastal Fish Species Abundance of Sea Trout Spawners and Parr Abundance of coastal fish key functional groups Abundance of Salmon spawners and smolt Number of drowned mammals and waterbirds in fishing gear Catch of Perch and Pike-Perch											Chlorophyll-a Cyanobacteria bloom index (CyaBI) Concentrations of chlorophyll a				Mass deaths of seabirds		Hunting of seals, seabirds, American mink and raccoon dog
Contact	http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/benthic-community-species-distribution-and-abundance/softbottom-fauna										SYKE open access interface for environmental data																																													http://www.helcom.fi/helcom-at-work/groups/state-and-conservation/eg-mama. https://www.luke.fi/tietoa-luonnonvaroista/riista/hylkeet/		http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/indicators/reproductive-status-of-seals/ http://www.helcom.fi/action-areas/monitoring-and-assessment/monitoring-manual/mammals/health-status		http://www.helcom.fi/helcom-at-work/groups/state-and-conservation/eg-mama.
References	SFS-EN ISO 16665:2005. Water quality. Guidelines for quantitative sampling and sample processing of marine soft-bottom macrofauna (ISO 16665:2003) HELCOM Combine manual. Annex C-8 Soft bottom macrozoobenthos http://www.helcom.fi/Documents/Action%20areas/Monitoring%20and%20assessment/Manuals%20and%20Guidelines/Manual%20for%20Marine%20Monitoring%20in%20the%20COMBINE%20Programme%20of%20HELCOM_PartC_AnnexC8.pdf Kvantitatiivinen pohjaeläinnäytteenotto. SYKE/MK Sisäinen menetelmä SA301, modifioitu HELCOM-ohjeistuksesta. Pohjaeläinten lajiston, lukumäärän ja biomassan määritys. SYKE/MK Sisäinen menetelmä TA201, modifioitu HELCOM-ohjeistuksesta.										Rannikkovesien pehmeiden pohjien eläinyhteisön seurantaan liittyviä menetelmäohjeistuksia: SFS-EN ISO 16665:2005. Water quality. Guidelines for quantitative sampling and sample processing of marine soft-bottom macrofauna (ISO 16665:2003) SFS 5076:1989. Water quality. Sampling of the bottom fauna on soft bottoms with an Ekman grab. Vesitutkimukset. Pohjaeläinnäytteenotto Ekman-noutimella pehmeiltä pohjilta. SFS-EN ISO 10870:2012 Water quality. Guidelines for the selection of sampling methods and devices for benthic macroinvertebrates in fresh waters (ISO 10870:2012) SFS 5077:1989. Water quality. Handnet sampling of the bottom fauna in running waters. Vesitutkimukset. Pohjaeläinnäytteenotto käsihaavilla virtaavissa vesissä. HELCOM Combine manual. Annex C-8 Soft bottom macrozoobenthos http://www.helcom.fi/Documents/Action%20areas/Monitoring%20and%20assessment/Manuals%20and%20Guidelines/Manual%20for%20Marine%20Monitoring%20in%20the%20COMBINE%20Programme%20of%20HELCOM_PartC_AnnexC8.pdf Lax H-G, Perus J 2008. Pehmeiden pohjien pohjaeläinten ja sedimentin näytteenotto rannikkovesien VPD-seurannassa. Teoksessa Vuori et al. (toim.) Vesienhoitoalueiden biologisten seurantojen järjestäminen ja määritysten hankinta. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 35, liite 4 Nygård H, 2018. Pohjaeläinnäytteenotto rannikkovesialueilla. https://www.ymparisto.fi/download/noname/%7BEAA3550F-CB3C-4359-A05C-975152698BDF%7D/141803 Pohjaeläinten lajiston, lukumäärän ja biomassan määritys. SYKE/MK Sisäinen menetelmä TA201, modifioitu HELCOM-ohjeistuksesta.													Holgersson E (2013) Kartering av makrofyter, framtagandet av en klassificeringsmetod för att kunna beräkna ekologisk status för Ålands skärgård och skapandet av ett miljöövervakningsprogram. Rapporter från Husö biologiska station, nr 75. Ruuskanen A, 2014. Rannikkovesien vesipuitedirektiivin mukainen makrofyyttiseuranta. https://www.ymparisto.fi/download/noname/%7B688ED3AE-C8A0-46E6-9919-74273AB55AA4%7D/141802 Saarinen A (2015) Beräkning av ekologisk status för Ålands ytvattenförekomster utgående från kartering av makrofyter: ett förslag till övervakningsprogram och harmonisering av metoder mellan Åland och Finland. Rapporter från Husö biologiska station, nr 75. SFS-EN ISO 19493:2007. Water quality. Guidance on marine biological surveys of hard-substrate communities (ISO 19493:2007) SFS-EN 16260:2012 Water quality – Visual seabed surveys ROV using remotely operated and/or towed observation gear for collection of environmental data VELMU-menetelmäohjeistus - https://www.ymparisto.fi/en-us/VELMU HELCOM Combine manual. Annex C-9 Guidelines for monitoring of phytobenthic plant and animal communities in the Baltic Sea http://www.helcom.fi/Documents/Action%20areas/Monitoring%20and%20assessment/Manuals%20and%20Guidelines/Manual%20for%20Marine%20Monitoring%20in%20the%20COMBINE%20Programme%20of%20HELCOM_PartC_AnnexC9.pdf						VELMU - https://www.environment.fi/en-US/VELMU Åbo Akademi - http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-12-3309-8			Hario, M. & Rintala J. 2011. Saaristolintukantojen kehitys Suomessa 1986 –2010. – Linnut vuosikirja 2010: 40 – 51											Hario, M., Lammi, E., Mikkola, M. & Södersved, J. 1993: Ovatko Ahvenanmaan vesilinnut "talvenkärkkyjiä" – kansainvälisten vesilintulaskentojen tuloksia vuosilta 1968-92. – Suomen Riista 39: 21– 32. Hario, M., Lammi, E., Mikkola, M., Södersved, J. 1995: January counts of waterfowl in SW Finland: the dependence on ice situation. – Ring 15 (1–2): 216 –222. HELCOM (2015), HELCOM guidelines for coordinated monitoring of wintering birds. 13 s. Koskimies & Väisänen (1991): Monitoring Bird Populations – A Manual of Methods Applied in Finland. – Zoological Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. Lehikoinen, A., Kuntze, K., Lehtiniemi, T. Mikkola-Roos, M. & Toivanen, T. 2017: Suomen keskitalven vesilintukantojen kannanarviot vuonna 2016 - muuttuva Suomi osana kansainvälistä seurantaa. - Linnut vuosikirja 2016:6-15.								Stjernberg, T., Koivusaari, J., Högmander, J., Nuuja, I. & Lokki, H. 2011: Suomen merikotkat 2009 –2010. – Linnut-vuosikirja 2010: 18 –27. https://helcom.fi/media/core%20indicators/White-tailed-sea-eagle-productivity-HELCOM-core-indicator-2018.pdf				Härkönen, T and S. G. Lunneryd 1992. Estimating abundance of ringed seals in the Bothnian Bay. Ambio 21:497-510. Härkönen, T., O. Stenman, M. Jüssi, I. Jüssi, R. Sagitov and M. Verevkin 1998. Population size and distribution of the Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica). In: Ringed Seals (Phoca hispida) in the North Atlantic. Edited by C.Lydersen and M.P. Heide-Jørgensen. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, Vol. 1, 167–180.		Boyd, I. L. 1984. Development and regression of the corpus luteum in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) ovaries and its use in determining fertility rates. – Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1095 –1100. Boyd, I. L., Lockyer, C. & Marsh, H. D. 1999. Reproduction in marine mammals. – In: Reynolds, J. E. & Rommel, S. A. (eds.), Biology of marine mammals: 218 –286. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. HELCOM, 2018a. Reproductive status of marine mammals. HELCOM core indicator report. Online. http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/indicators/reproductive-status-of-seals/ HELCOM, 2018b. Nutritional status of seals. HELCOM Core Indicator Report. Online. http://www.helcom.fi/Core%20Indicators/Nutritional%20status%20of%20seals%20HELCOM%20core%20indicator%202018.pdf Kauhala, K., Ahola, M. P. & Kunnasranta, M. 2012. Demographic structure and mortality rate of a Baltic grey seal population at different stages of population change, judged on the basis of the hunting bag in Finland. – Annales Zoologici Fennici 49: 287– 305. Kauhala, K. & Kunnasranta, M. 2012. Hallisaaliin määrä ja rakenne Suomen merialueilla. – Suomen Riista 58: 7–15. Kauhala, K., Kunnasranta, M. & Valtonen, M. 2011. Hallien ravinto Suomen merialueilla 2001–2007 – alustava selvitys. – Suomen Riista 57: 73 – 83. Kauhala, K., Ahola, M. P. & Kunnasranta, M. 2014: Decline in the pregnancy rate of Baltic grey seal females during the 2000s. – Annales Zoologici Fennici 51: 313–324. Kauhala, K., Bäcklin, B-M., Harding, K. & Raitaniemi, J. 2017: The effect of prey quality and ice conditions on the nutritional status of Baltic gray seals of different age groups. – Mammal Research 62: 351‒362. Kauhala, K., Korpinen, S., Lehtiniemi, M. & Raitaniemi, J. 2019: Reproductive rate of a top predator, the grey seal, as an indicator of the changes in the Baltic food web. – Ecological Indicators 102: 693–703. Kauhala, K. & Kurkilahti, M. 2019: Delayed effects of pup environment on adult size and reproductive rate of Baltic grey sealsMammal Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00454-1		Boyd, I. L. 1984. Development and regression of the corpus luteum in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) ovaries and its use in determining fertility rates. – Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1095 –1100. Boyd, I. L., Lockyer, C. & Marsh, H. D. 1999. Reproduction in marine mammals. – In: Reynolds, J. E. & Rommel, S. A. (eds.), Biology of marine mammals: 218 –286. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. HELCOM, 2018a. Reproductive status of marine mammals. HELCOM core indicator report. Online. http://www.helcom.fi/baltic-sea-trends/indicators/reproductive-status-of-seals/ HELCOM, 2018b. Nutritional status of seals. HELCOM Core Indicator Report. Online. http://www.helcom.fi/Core%20Indicators/Nutritional%20status%20of%20seals%20HELCOM%20core%20indicator%202018.pdf Kauhala, K., Ahola, M. P. & Kunnasranta, M. 2012. Demographic structure and mortality rate of a Baltic grey seal population at different stages of population change, judged on the basis of the hunting bag in Finland. – Annales Zoologici Fennici 49: 287– 305. Kauhala, K. & Kunnasranta, M. 2012. Hallisaaliin määrä ja rakenne Suomen merialueilla. – Suomen Riista 58: 7–15. Kauhala, K., Kunnasranta, M. & Valtonen, M. 2011. Hallien ravinto Suomen merialueilla 2001–2007 – alustava selvitys. – Suomen Riista 57: 73 – 83. Kauhala, K., Ahola, M. P. & Kunnasranta, M. 2014: Decline in the pregnancy rate of Baltic grey seal females during the 2000s. – Annales Zoologici Fennici 51: 313–324. Kauhala, K., Bäcklin, B-M., Harding, K. & Raitaniemi, J. 2017: The effect of prey quality and ice conditions on the nutritional status of Baltic gray seals of different age groups. – Mammal Research 62: 351‒362. Kauhala, K., Korpinen, S., Lehtiniemi, M. & Raitaniemi, J. 2019: Reproductive rate of a top predator, the grey seal, as an indicator of the changes in the Baltic food web. – Ecological Indicators 102: 693–703. Kauhala, K. & Kurkilahti, M. 2019: Delayed effects of pup environment on adult size and reproductive rate of Baltic grey sealsMammal Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00454-1		HELCOM Combine - https://helcom.fi/media/publications/Guidelines-for-monitoring-of-mesozooplankton.pdf						Aroviita, J., Mitikka, S., Vienonen S. (toim.) 2019: Pintavesien tilan luokittelu ja arviointiperusteet vesienhoidon kolmannella kaudella. Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 37 / 2019. HELCOM 2017: Monitoring of phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass.																											Hario, M., Hokkanen, T., Malkio, H. 1993. Itäisen Suomenlahden lintukuolemat. – Suomen Riista 39:7–20 Suleva, E. & Rintala, J. 2013. Ruokkilinnut Itämeren tilan indikaattoreina. Helsinki: RKTL:n työraportteja 1/2013. Riista- ja kalatalouden tutkimuslaitos. ISBN: 978-951-776-945-7. Mikkola-Roos, M. , Below, A., Lehikoinen, A & Rintala, J. 2018: Meriympäristön tila 2011-2016 : Merilinnut. Julk.: Korpinen, S., Laamanen, M., Suomela, J., Paavilainen, P., Lahtinen, T. & Ekebom, J. 2018. (toim.) Suomen meriympäristön tila 2018. Helsinki, Suomen ympäristökeskus. Ss. 198-207. SYKE:n julkaisuja 2018, 4. ISBN 978-952-11-4967-2 (nid.), 978-952-11-4968-9 (PDF), ISSN 2323-8895, (painettu), 2323-8909 (verkkojulkaisu). 2018: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/274086