D10C3 Litter ingested (10.1, 10.2.1)

LevelPressureShore

LevelPressureWater

LevelPressureSeabed

LitterShores10_1

LitterWaterColumnSurface10_1

LitterSeabed10_1

NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

No data. It could be possible to apply the same protocol for sea turtles used in the previous assessment area for future samples.

Lack of established methods. No data are available and there is not a common protocol for monitoring

The only source for evaluation of amount, distribution and composition of marine litter along shoreline are clean up campaigns conducted by environmental NGOS (mainly LegAmbiente and WWF). Unfortunately data collection has not been conducted in a systematic manner. They are related to tracts of coast that different in length, position etc. within years. For this reason data available are not comparable. Moreover data collected are usually reported as quantity (expressed in Kg) of marine litter collected without any classification (plastic, metals, etc.). For these reasons data are not useful for initial assessment

Data about this pressure are related to research program called SoleMon Project carried out in the period 2005 -2011. These data about marine litter on seabed were collected during Stock Assessment of Solea Solea in the Northern and central Adriatic Sea through "rapido" trawl surveys. The swept area gives a mean overall waste abundance of 46,5Kg/Km2 for the entire period 2005-2011. The highest values was recorded in 2011 with 130,1 Kg/Km2, the lowest in 2009 with 3,7 Kg/Km2. Due to the high variability between years the sampling hasn't been considered statistically reliable to draw a trend. All data set has been pooled to calculate an average value of 46,5 Kg/Km2 for the assessment area of north and central Adratic Sea (AS 001). There seems to be an higher average density of waste in the coastal zone within depth of 20 m (57 Kg/Km2) than the deeper zone ranging from 20 to 100 m (25 Kg/Km2).

Low

Moderate

Activity1: The release of waste into the sea by the boaters and seaside tourists is the cause of finding of soft drink cans, cigarette butts, bottles and other items on water surface, water column and seabed. As an example in Mediterranean sea presence along shoreline of enormous quantity of cigarette butts has main origin from tourism and yachting (MEDPOL, 2011. Guidelines on management of coastal litter for the Mediterranean region) Activity2: It has been shown that there is a correlation between the amount of waste on the bottom and the routes of maritime traffic (Progetto GIONHA, Governance and Integrated Observation of marine Natural Habitat www.gionha.eu/risorse). It is in fact common practice to discharge waste generated on board small passenger vessels or commercial vessels. Activity3: The rivers and the contributions of urban waste water are a source of release of wastes. Worldwide data report that 70-80% of marine litter has a terrestrial origin (Galgani, F., Fleet, D., Van Franeker, J., Katsavenakis, S., Maes, T., Mouat, J., Oosterbaan, L., Poitou, I., Hanke, G., Thompson, R., Amato, E., Birkun, A. & Janssen, C., 2010. Marine Strategy Framework Directive Task Group 10 Report Marine litter , JRC Scientific and technical report, ICES/JRC/IFREMER Joint Report (no 31210 – 2009/2010) , Editor: N. Zampoukas , 57 pp.). The river flow conveys to the sea the waste collected on the ground consisting mainly of plastic containers and plastic bags as well as microparticles.

• "Shipping & floating structures (all vessels
• TourismRecreation
• Urban

In general terms data available on marine litter in marine environment (shore, water column and sea floor) are not sufficient to describe initial status. Monitoring activities that will be conducted during next years could give surely a better idea of actual status. With regard to different indicators several number of protocols need to be carrid out: Regarding “Current status of marine litter - water column and water surface” a seasonal monitoring plan is carrying out with the aim to develop a common protocol on microplastic on sea surface. It must be applied in the different assessment area and it need to be more developed. Regarding “Current status of marine litter - subtidal seabed” monitoring protocol is already in place in the framework of Research Programs GRUND and MEDITS, but it needs to be more focused on litter analyses. Regarding “Current status of impacts of marine litter on water column and seabed and their associated communities (10.2)” there is a lack of information on the occurrence and effects of plastic in marine organisms living in the water column and on the bottom, overall on species with feeding habits by filter feeders or detritivores. Few studies about this concern were carried out in last years (P. Davison &R. G. Asch, 2011; Murray F., Cowie P.R., 2011) and it is necessary to assess ingestion and uptake of plastic and microplastic in stomach content of fishes and crustaceans (eg pelagic fish: Clupeidae and Myctofidae, Nephrops norvegicus). Therefore impact on biota must be analyzed through different techniques such as stomach content analysis and biomarker application (brominated flame retardants, phthalates and the constituent monomer bisphenol A). Regarding “Current status of impacts of marine litter on functional groups (10.2)” a seasonal monitoring plan is carrying out with the aim to develop a common protocol on ingested litter by sea turtles” Caretta caretta” (stomach analysis, biomarkers, parasitism and diet), must be enforced and put in practice in each assessment areas. Other specimen of the list must be found to be representative of litter ingested by biota (marine mammals, bird etc.).

D10C3 Litter ingested (10.1, 10.2.1)

LevelPressureShore

LevelPressureWater

LevelPressureSeabed

LitterShores10_1

LitterWaterColumnSurface10_1

LitterSeabed10_1

NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

No data. It could be possible to apply the same protocol for sea turtles used in the previous assessment area for future samples.

Lack of established methods. No data are available and there is not a common protocol for monitoring

The only source for evaluation of amount, distribution and composition of marine litter along shoreline are clean up campaigns conducted by environmental NGOS (mainly LegAmbiente and WWF). Unfortunately data collection has not been conducted in a systematic manner. They are related to tracts of coast that different in length, position etc. within years. For this reason data available are not comparable. Moreover data collected are usually reported as quantity (expressed in Kg) of marine litter collected without any classification (plastic, metals, etc.). For these reasons data are not useful for initial assessment

Data on this pressure are related to research programs called GRUND and MEDITS, as for Assessment Area IT-WMS-8B04-001. These data are available to Italian Ministry of Agriculture but not yet acquired for analyses.

Low

Activity1: The release of waste into the sea by the boaters and seaside tourists is the cause of finding of soft drink cans, cigarette butts, bottles and other items on water surface, water column and seabed. As an example in Mediterranean sea presence along shoreline of enormous quantity of cigarette butts has main origin from tourism and yachting (MEDPOL, 2011. Guidelines on management of coastal litter for the Mediterranean region) Activity2: It has been shown that there is a correlation between the amount of waste on the bottom and the routes of maritime traffic (Progetto GIONHA, Governance and Integrated Observation of marine Natural Habitat www.gionha.eu/risorse). It is in fact common practice to discharge waste generated on board small passenger vessels or commercial vessels. Activity3: The rivers and the contributions of urban waste water are a source of release of wastes. Worldwide data report that 70-80% of marine litter has a terrestrial origin (Galgani, F., Fleet, D., Van Franeker, J., Katsavenakis, S., Maes, T., Mouat, J., Oosterbaan, L., Poitou, I., Hanke, G., Thompson, R., Amato, E., Birkun, A. & Janssen, C., 2010. Marine Strategy Framework Directive Task Group 10 Report Marine litter , JRC Scientific and technical report, ICES/JRC/IFREMER Joint Report (no 31210 – 2009/2010) , Editor: N. Zampoukas , 57 pp.). The river flow conveys to the sea the waste collected on the ground consisting mainly of plastic containers and plastic bags as well as microparticles.

• "Shipping & floating structures (all vessels
• TourismRecreation
• Urban

In general terms data available on marine litter in marine environment (shore, water column and sea floor) are not sufficient to describe initial status. Monitoring activities that will be conducted during next years could give surely a better idea of actual status. With regard to different indicators several number of protocols need to be carrid out: Regarding “Current status of marine litter - water column and water surface” a seasonal monitoring plan is carrying out with the aim to develop a common protocol on microplastic on sea surface. It must be applied in the different assessment area and it need to be more developed. Regarding “Current status of marine litter - subtidal seabed” monitoring protocol is already in place in the framework of Research Programs GRUND and MEDITS, but it needs to be more focused on litter analyses. Regarding “Current status of impacts of marine litter on water column and seabed and their associated communities (10.2)” there is a lack of information on the occurrence and effects of plastic in marine organisms living in the water column and on the bottom, overall on species with feeding habits by filter feeders or detritivores. Few studies about this concern were carried out in last years (P. Davison &R. G. Asch, 2011; Murray F., Cowie P.R., 2011) and it is necessary to assess ingestion and uptake of plastic and microplastic in stomach content of fishes and crustaceans (eg pelagic fish: Clupeidae and Myctofidae, Nephrops norvegicus). Therefore impact on biota must be analyzed through different techniques such as stomach content analysis and biomarker application (brominated flame retardants, phthalates and the constituent monomer bisphenol A). Regarding “Current status of impacts of marine litter on functional groups (10.2)” a seasonal monitoring plan is carrying out with the aim to develop a common protocol on ingested litter by sea turtles” Caretta caretta” (stomach analysis, biomarkers, parasitism and diet), must be enforced and put in practice in each assessment areas. Other specimen of the list must be found to be representative of litter ingested by biota (marine mammals, bird etc.).