Member State report / Art11 / 2020 / D5 / Cyprus / Mediterranean: Aegean-Levantine Sea

Report type Member State report to Commission
MSFD Article Art. 11 Monitoring programmes (and Art. 17 updates)
Report due 2020-10-15
GES Descriptor D5 Eutrophication
Member State Cyprus
Region/subregion Mediterranean: Aegean-Levantine Sea
Reported by Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environm
Report date 2020-12-14
Report access

Descriptor
D5
D5
D5
D5
D5
Monitoring strategy description
Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent
Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent
Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent
Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent
Cyprus implemented the program code MALCY-D05 in the geographical area of MAL-CY-MS. The program monitors the activities and pressures that could lead to eutrophication, abiotic (physicochemical water characteristics), and biotic parameters (macroalgae, Posidonia oceanica, and phytoplankton). Under this program, there is only one sub program MALCY-D05-01. The sub program is conducted seasonally, annually, or every 5 to 6 years based on the parameter under investigation in the Cypriot coastal areas that are vulnerable to eutrophication using the indicative species Posidonia oceanica. Water sampling is conducted using the ISO 5667-9, Water quality – Sampling -Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters, ISO/TS 13530, Water quality – Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical water analysis. The monitoring program follows the MSFD criteria and indicators such as habitat condition, physical, hydrological, and chemical conditions, nutrient levels, nutrients concentration in the water column, nutrient ratios (silica, nitrogen, and phosphate; where applicable), direct effects of nutrient enrichment, chlorophyll concentration in the water column, water transparency related to increase in suspended algae, abundance of opportunistic macroalgae, species shift in floristic composition such as diatom to flagellate ratio, benthic to pelagic shifts as well as bloom events of nuisance/toxic algal blooms caused by human activities, indirect effects of nutrient enrichment, abundance of perennial seaweeds and seagrasses adversely impacted by decrease in water transparency, and dissolved oxygen (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter decomposition and size of the area concerned); and UNEP/MAP (2013) criteria and indicators of large scale changes in circulation patterns, temperature, pH, and salinity distribution, concentration of key nutrients in the water column, nutrient ratios, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column, water transparency, and dissolved oxygen near the bottom (i.e. changes due to increased organic matter). The DFMR monitors the waste discharges from aquaculture hatcheries, as well as the agriculture, and rainwater runoff due to the nutrient rich content of the waste that can cause eutrophication in Nitrates Vulnerable Zones of Cyprus. The DFMR (2020) report stated the data provided from DFMR from 2013 to 2019 demonstrated the discharge effects were limited to a small area from each release. Chlorophyll a concent
Coverage of GES criteria
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Gaps and plans
Program D5 – Eutrophication is currently in GES, therefore no additional monitoring recommendations are being made at this time.
Program D5 – Eutrophication is currently in GES, therefore no additional monitoring recommendations are being made at this time.
Program D5 – Eutrophication is currently in GES, therefore no additional monitoring recommendations are being made at this time.
Program D5 – Eutrophication is currently in GES, therefore no additional monitoring recommendations are being made at this time.
Program D5 – Eutrophication is currently in GES, therefore no additional monitoring recommendations are being made at this time.
Related targets
  • Target1
  • Target3
  • Target4
  • Target1
  • Target3
  • Target4
  • Target1
  • Target3
  • Target4
  • Target1
  • Target3
  • Target4
  • Target1
  • Target3
  • Target4
Coverage of targets
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Adequate monitoring is in place by July 2020
Related measures
Coverage of measures
Related monitoring programmes
  • D05
  • D05
  • D05
  • D05
  • D05
Programme code
D05
D05
D05
D05
D05
Programme name
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Update type
Same programme as in 2014
Same programme as in 2014
Same programme as in 2014
Same programme as in 2014
Same programme as in 2014
Old programme codes
Programme description
The Cyprus eutrophication monitoring programme focuses on activities and pressures that may bring about eutrophication. The common indicators of the programme were decided jointly with other Mediterranean EU member-states, capitalizing on existing monitoring programmes in the framework of the WFD and UNEP/MAP. This programme addresses in whole or in part the indicators of Ecological Objective 05 adopted by the Contracting Parties of UNEP/MAP (2013). Cyprus proposes to install Ferrybox on its ferries. Ferryboxes have been installed on ferries across the Mediterranean among other bodies of water with ferry routes. The Ferrybox is automated that can monitor various parameters such as plankton, temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. They can be installed on ferry lines that operate regularly, are easy to maintain, and provides information over a greater area than a single point source during a survey.
The Cyprus eutrophication monitoring programme focuses on activities and pressures that may bring about eutrophication. The common indicators of the programme were decided jointly with other Mediterranean EU member-states, capitalizing on existing monitoring programmes in the framework of the WFD and UNEP/MAP. This programme addresses in whole or in part the indicators of Ecological Objective 05 adopted by the Contracting Parties of UNEP/MAP (2013). Cyprus proposes to install Ferrybox on its ferries. Ferryboxes have been installed on ferries across the Mediterranean among other bodies of water with ferry routes. The Ferrybox is automated that can monitor various parameters such as plankton, temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. They can be installed on ferry lines that operate regularly, are easy to maintain, and provides information over a greater area than a single point source during a survey.
The Cyprus eutrophication monitoring programme focuses on activities and pressures that may bring about eutrophication. The common indicators of the programme were decided jointly with other Mediterranean EU member-states, capitalizing on existing monitoring programmes in the framework of the WFD and UNEP/MAP. This programme addresses in whole or in part the indicators of Ecological Objective 05 adopted by the Contracting Parties of UNEP/MAP (2013). Cyprus proposes to install Ferrybox on its ferries. Ferryboxes have been installed on ferries across the Mediterranean among other bodies of water with ferry routes. The Ferrybox is automated that can monitor various parameters such as plankton, temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. They can be installed on ferry lines that operate regularly, are easy to maintain, and provides information over a greater area than a single point source during a survey.
The Cyprus eutrophication monitoring programme focuses on activities and pressures that may bring about eutrophication. The common indicators of the programme were decided jointly with other Mediterranean EU member-states, capitalizing on existing monitoring programmes in the framework of the WFD and UNEP/MAP. This programme addresses in whole or in part the indicators of Ecological Objective 05 adopted by the Contracting Parties of UNEP/MAP (2013). Cyprus proposes to install Ferrybox on its ferries. Ferryboxes have been installed on ferries across the Mediterranean among other bodies of water with ferry routes. The Ferrybox is automated that can monitor various parameters such as plankton, temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. They can be installed on ferry lines that operate regularly, are easy to maintain, and provides information over a greater area than a single point source during a survey.
The Cyprus eutrophication monitoring programme focuses on activities and pressures that may bring about eutrophication. The common indicators of the programme were decided jointly with other Mediterranean EU member-states, capitalizing on existing monitoring programmes in the framework of the WFD and UNEP/MAP. This programme addresses in whole or in part the indicators of Ecological Objective 05 adopted by the Contracting Parties of UNEP/MAP (2013). Cyprus proposes to install Ferrybox on its ferries. Ferryboxes have been installed on ferries across the Mediterranean among other bodies of water with ferry routes. The Ferrybox is automated that can monitor various parameters such as plankton, temperature, salinity, pH, nutrients, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. They can be installed on ferry lines that operate regularly, are easy to maintain, and provides information over a greater area than a single point source during a survey.
Monitoring purpose
  • Human activities causing the pressures
  • Human activities causing the pressures
  • Human activities causing the pressures
  • Human activities causing the pressures
  • Human activities causing the pressures
Other policies and conventions
  • UNEP-MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • UNEP-MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • UNEP-MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • UNEP-MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • UNEP-MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
Regional cooperation - coordinating body
  • BARCON
  • BARCON
  • BARCON
  • BARCON
  • BARCON
Regional cooperation - countries involved
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
Regional cooperation - implementation level
Common monitoring strategy
Common monitoring strategy
Common monitoring strategy
Common monitoring strategy
Common monitoring strategy
Monitoring details
Features
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Elements
  • NH4+
  • NO2-N
  • NO3-N
  • Silicate (SiO4)
  • TP
  • Chlorophyll-a
  • Dissolved oxygen (O2)
  • Phytoplankton communities
  • Scattering and absorption in the visible light spectrum (400-700 nm)
GES criteria
D5C1
D5C2
D5C5
NotRelevan
NotRelevan
Parameters
  • Concentration in water
  • Concentration in water
  • Concentration in water
  • Abundance (number of individuals)
  • Transparency of water
Parameter Other
Spatial scope
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
Marine reporting units
  • MAL-CY-MS
  • MAL-CY-MS
  • MAL-CY-MS
  • MAL-CY-MS
  • MAL-CY-MS
Temporal scope (start date - end date)
2016-9999
2016-9999
2016-9999
2016-9999
2016-9999
Monitoring frequency
3-monthly
3-monthly
3-monthly
3-monthly
3-monthly
Monitoring type
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling land/beach
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling land/beach
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling land/beach
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling land/beach
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling land/beach
  • In-situ sampling offshore
Monitoring method
  • UNEP/MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (2016)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 19 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (surface water chemical monitoring)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 25 - Chemical Monitoring of Sediment and Biota
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (monitoring framework)
  • UNEP/MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (2016)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 19 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (surface water chemical monitoring)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 25 - Chemical Monitoring of Sediment and Biota
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (monitoring framework)
  • UNEP/MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (2016)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 19 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (surface water chemical monitoring)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 25 - Chemical Monitoring of Sediment and Biota
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (monitoring framework)
  • UNEP/MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (2016)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 19 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (surface water chemical monitoring)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 25 - Chemical Monitoring of Sediment and Biota
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (monitoring framework)
  • UNEP/MAP Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Guidance (2016)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 19 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (surface water chemical monitoring)
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 25 - Chemical Monitoring of Sediment and Biota
  • WFD Guidance document n.° 7 - Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive (monitoring framework)
Monitoring method other
The monitoring methods are described in UNEP/MAP (2005) and DFMR (2012c).
The monitoring methods are described in UNEP/MAP (2005) and DFMR (2012c).
The monitoring methods are described in UNEP/MAP (2005) and DFMR (2012c).
The monitoring methods are described in UNEP/MAP (2005) and DFMR (2012c).
The monitoring methods are described in UNEP/MAP (2005) and DFMR (2012c).
Quality control
QUASIMEME external validation system and internal laboratory validation.
QUASIMEME external validation system and internal laboratory validation.
QUASIMEME external validation system and internal laboratory validation.
QUASIMEME external validation system and internal laboratory validation.
QUASIMEME external validation system and internal laboratory validation.
Data management
Data access
Related indicator/name
Contact
References
UNEP/MAP. (2005). Sampling and analysis techniques for the eutrophication monitoring strategy of MedPOL (No. 163) (p. 46). Athens, Greece: UNEP/MAP. Retrieved from http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts163.pdf Cyprus: Department of Fisheries and Marine Research. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/dfmr/dfmr.nsf/all/861E2DAB1057FAF1422579FB002107A8/$ file/1-Initial%20Assesment%20Report.pdf DFMR. (2012c). Initial Assessment of the Marine Environment of Cyprus (p. 260). Nicosia,
UNEP/MAP. (2005). Sampling and analysis techniques for the eutrophication monitoring strategy of MedPOL (No. 163) (p. 46). Athens, Greece: UNEP/MAP. Retrieved from http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts163.pdf Cyprus: Department of Fisheries and Marine Research. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/dfmr/dfmr.nsf/all/861E2DAB1057FAF1422579FB002107A8/$ file/1-Initial%20Assesment%20Report.pdf DFMR. (2012c). Initial Assessment of the Marine Environment of Cyprus (p. 260). Nicosia,
UNEP/MAP. (2005). Sampling and analysis techniques for the eutrophication monitoring strategy of MedPOL (No. 163) (p. 46). Athens, Greece: UNEP/MAP. Retrieved from http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts163.pdf Cyprus: Department of Fisheries and Marine Research. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/dfmr/dfmr.nsf/all/861E2DAB1057FAF1422579FB002107A8/$ file/1-Initial%20Assesment%20Report.pdf DFMR. (2012c). Initial Assessment of the Marine Environment of Cyprus (p. 260). Nicosia,
UNEP/MAP. (2005). Sampling and analysis techniques for the eutrophication monitoring strategy of MedPOL (No. 163) (p. 46). Athens, Greece: UNEP/MAP. Retrieved from http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts163.pdf Cyprus: Department of Fisheries and Marine Research. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/dfmr/dfmr.nsf/all/861E2DAB1057FAF1422579FB002107A8/$ file/1-Initial%20Assesment%20Report.pdf DFMR. (2012c). Initial Assessment of the Marine Environment of Cyprus (p. 260). Nicosia,
UNEP/MAP. (2005). Sampling and analysis techniques for the eutrophication monitoring strategy of MedPOL (No. 163) (p. 46). Athens, Greece: UNEP/MAP. Retrieved from http://195.97.36.231/acrobatfiles/MTSAcrobatfiles/mts163.pdf Cyprus: Department of Fisheries and Marine Research. Retrieved from http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/dfmr/dfmr.nsf/all/861E2DAB1057FAF1422579FB002107A8/$ file/1-Initial%20Assesment%20Report.pdf DFMR. (2012c). Initial Assessment of the Marine Environment of Cyprus (p. 260). Nicosia,