Member State report / Art8esa / 2018 / Finland
Report type | Member State report to Commission |
MSFD Article | Art. 8.1c Economic and social analysis |
Report due | 2018-10-15 |
Member State | Finland |
Reported by | Finnish Environment Institute |
Report date | 2019-04-10 |
Report access | msfd2018-ART8_ESA_3Jan2019.xml |
Baltic Sea
Marine reporting unit |
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Feature |
Agriculture
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Aquaculture - marine, including infrastructure
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Fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational)
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Extraction of minerals (rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell)
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Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure
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Transmission of electricity and communications (cables)
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Renewable energy generation (wind, wave and tidal power), including infrastructure
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All activities related to tourism and leisure
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Transport infrastructure
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Transport - shipping
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Waste treatment and disposal
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All pressures
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NACE codes |
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Related GES component |
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Description |
Agriculture produces nutrient inputs to sea. This activity was assessed as 'avoided nutrient removal costs' if the nutrients were released to sea. These costs are 1469 M€ and are expected to decrease in future.
The estimation method was cost-based. |
Marine aquaculture is an increasing activity in Finland.
The 'value added' is the gross value added.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Fishing is an increasing sector in Finland.
The 'value added' is the gross value added.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Six million cubic meters of sand were extracted during 2001-2015. Plans for 23 M m3 exist. The activity is not currently growing.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
There is one gas pipeline through Finland's marine waters and another one in construction.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Cables are an increasing activity in Finland. There are five electricity cables with transmission capacity 2450 MW.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Wind energy production is an increasing activity in Finland. No other renewable energy production takes place at sea.
Estimated employment is currently 378 years with the assumption that a wind farm of 100 MW gives employment for 1180 person years. 32 MW is produced by 11 turbines at the moment.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Tourism and leisure (recreational) activities were assessed separately in Finland as living in summertime properties is wide-spread and not seen as tourism.
Tourism: value added 284 M€ and 7250 persons employed.
Recreational use: production value 1040 M€.
The 'added value' is the gross value added.
The estimation method for tourism was marine accounting and for the leisure activity based on ecosystem services. |
Ports are an increasing activity in Finland. There are 39 sea ports in Finland with turnover of 106 Mt freight per year.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Shipping was divided to cargo shipping and passenger shipping. Here they are reported combined. The activities are expected to increase in Finland.
The 'value added' is the gross value added.
The estimation method was marine accounting. |
Municipal waste water treatment to reduce nutrient inputs to sea. Activity was assessed as 'avoided nutrient removal costs' if the nutrients were released to sea. These costs are 126 M€ and they are expected to decrease in future.
The estimation method was cost-based. |
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Employment (direct *1000 FTE) |
0.515 |
1.847 |
7.25 |
9.241 |
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Production value (€ million) |
1040.0 |
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Value added (€ million) |
16.6 |
15.5 |
284.0 |
681.6 |
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Related pressures |
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Related indicators |
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Related ecosystem services |
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Cost of degradation: description |
The cost of degradation assessment provides monetary estimates of the benefits of achieving Good Environmental Status (GES) in the Finnish marine waters of the Baltic Sea. The designed contingent valuation study addresses the non-market benefits related to all descriptors defining GES in the Baltic Sea. Double-counting is avoided when all descriptors, which are to some extent overlapping, are included in a single study. A payment card approach was used as an elicitation format.
Finland assessed the cost of degradation by qualitatively describing the current state of marine environment and the marine environment in GES for all the 11 descriptors which were grouped to 'biodiversity', 'non-indigenous species', 'fish stocks', 'eutrophication', 'hazardous substances' and 'physical impacts'. The descriptions are given in the a background report of the Finland's paper report.
According to the MSFD, the target is to achieve GES by 2020. However, as it was unrealistic to claim that the changes would take place by 2020 (within 3 years of the survey), a more plausible target year of 2040 was used instead based on expert opinions by marine scientists.
The analysis is described in Finland's national report in Chapter 5.8. |
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Cost of degradation: approach |
Other |
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Cost of degradation: type |
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Cost of degradation: results |
Annual benefit of achieving GES in Finland's marine waters was assessed as 409 M€ per year (105-123 € per person). The assessment was made for the time period until 2040, which sums up to 6.8 billion €. |
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Related indicators |