AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

AnalysisPressurefromActivity

2003-2020

2003-2020

2003-2020

2003-2020

2003-2020

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2003-2020

2007-2012

2000-2011

2003-2007

2012-2012

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2012-2012

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Aquaculture Aquaculture divided into finfish and shellfish farming. Finfish • Salmon • Trout (Sea Reared) • Arctic Char Shellfish • Mussels • Pacific and Native Oysters • Clams • Scallops • Abalone • Sea Urchins NACE Four-Digit Code used: 03.21 Method used in the analysis of Aquaculture: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future projections are based on 2020 strategy. NACE Four-Digit Code for Aquaculture is 03.21. Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to coastal regions only.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Sea Fisheries Fishing Segments: • Pelagic • Polyvalent • Beam-trawl • Specific Main Target Species: Fin Fish • Mackerel • Herring • Horse Mackerel • Blue Whiting • Monkfish • Megrim • Haddock • Whiting, • Cod, • Sole • Plaice Shellfish • Lobster • Dublin Bay prawns • Mussels • Scallops • Razor Clams NACE Four-Digit Codes for Sea Fisheries used 03.10. Method used in the analysis of Sea Fisheries: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability the trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future projections are based on 2020 strategy. NACE Four-Digit Codes for Sea Fisheries used 03.10. Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to ocean plus coastal.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Seafood Processing Seafood processing can be divided into finfish and shellfish processing and includes both wild and farmed product NACE Four-Digit Code used: 10.20 Method used in the analysis of Seafood Processing: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. NACE Four-Digit Code for Seafood processing activity used: 10.20 Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to coastal region.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Marine Biotech Bioproducts Marine Biotech & Biproducts can be divided into • Seaweed Harvesting • Seaweed Products • Marine Derived Bio-Products No NACE codes have been used. Method used in the analysis of Marine Biotech Bioproducts: As there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Quantitative assessment were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future projections are based on 2020 strategy. No NACE codes have been used. In the pressures assessment marine biotechnology is assessed as part of the harvesting and collection sector/activity along with bait digging and hand collection of shellfish - this alignment will be corrected in subsequent assessments. Spacial scale: primarily coastal region

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Marine Renewable Energy Marine Renewable Energy in the assessment area can be divided into • Offshore Wind Energy Production • Wave Energy Production (Pre-Commercial) • Tidal Energy Production (Pre-Commercial) Method used in the analysis of Marine Renewable Energy: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future predictions are based on 2020 strategy.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Oil & Gas Exploration and Production can be divided into • Hydrocarbon Exploration • Extraction and Production of Oil and Gas NACE Four-Digit Code used: 06.10 (oil) & 06.20 (gas) Method used in the analysis of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future projections are based on a 2020 strategy. NACE Four-Digit Codes for Oil & Gas are 06.10 (oil) & 06.20 (gas). Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to ocean plus coastal region.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Shipping and Maritime Services Shipping • Ship Owners and Operators Port & Maritime Logistics • Shipping Agents and Brokers • Ship Management • Liner and Port Agents • Port Companies • Ship Suppliers • Container Shipping Services • Stevedores • Roll-On Roll-Off Operators • Load-On Load-Off Operators • Custom Clearance/Freight Forwarders • Safety and Training NACE Four-Digit Code used: 50.20, 52.24, 52.29 & 77.34 Method used in the analysis of Shipping and Maritime Services: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2007. Future projections are based on a 2020 strategy. NACE Four-Digit Code used: 50.20, 52.24, 52.29 & 77.34

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Tourism and Leisure Angling • Sea Angling from boats • Sea Angling from the Shore Watersports • Sailing at Sea • Boating at Sea • Water Skiing/Jet Skiing • Surfing, Sail Boarding • Sea Kayaking • Scuba Diving/Snorkelling • Other Sea Sports Seaside/Resort Trips • Swimming in the Sea • Bird Watching in Coastal Areas • Whale/Dolphin Watching • Visiting Coastal Natural Reserves • Other Trips to the Beach, Seaside and Islands (Coefficient for NACE code 93, Recreational, cultural and sporting activities). Cruise Industry Main ports of call for cruise liners include Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Galway NACE Four-Digit Codes for Cruise Industry used 50.10. Method used in the analysis of Tourism and Leisure: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a company survey was conducted. Based on Irish Central Statistics Office Data, quantitative assessments were used. Due to data availability trend assessment is for the period 2003 to 2011. Future projections are based on a 2020 strategy. Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to the island (both inland & coastal, although inland significantly less) Coefficient for NACE code 93, Recreational, cultural and sporting activities; NACE Four-Digit Codes for Cruise Industry used 50.10.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Acitivity Type: Marine Research Marine Research can be devided into: Third Level Sector • 7 universities • 7 Institutes of Technologies • 2 other Third Level Institutes State Sector who Carry Out and Provide Support for Marine Research and Development • Marine Institute • Bord Iascaigh Mhara • Environmental Protection Agency • Teagasc • Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland • Geological Survey of Ireland • Central and Regional Fisheries Board • Natonal Parks and Wildlife Service • Sustainable Energy Ireland Method used in the analysis of Marine Research: Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain. Quantitative assessments are used. Due to data availability, the analysis of Marine Research is based on 2007 data. The trend assessment is for the period 2007-2012. Spatial scale: Ocean plus coastal region.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Ecosystem Services Approach Activity type: Wastewater Wastewater treatment discharged into coastal waters (Marine and esturaine waters) from agglomerations of more than 500 persons Method used in the analysis of Wastewater: Based on EPA licences for discharges from agglomerations larger than 500 PE and annual enviroment report (EPA, 2012), an estimate was generated for the amount of wastewater entering Irish marine waters. Shadow prices based on a paper by Hernández-Sancho et al. (2010) were used to estimate the averted cost of treating this discharged wastewater. From 2001 to 2009, secondary (or tertiary) wastewater treatment, as a percentage of total wastewater produced has increased throughout the state from 29% to 93% , based on Population Equivalent (PE) values where 1 person is assumed to produce 60 grams BOD per day. For coastal waters, it is estimated that 91% of wastewater is now treated to secondary treatment levels based on PE. The estimated annual value for wastewater treatment is €295 million. This is likely to be a large underestimate for this ecosystem service.

Type of approach used for analysing the uses of marine waters: Marine activity is defined here as a human activity in, or effecting, the marine environment. The general approach taken to measure marine activity in Ireland is as follows: 1. Define the marine industries that are part of the Irish marine or ocean economy 2. Identify the marine sub-sectors for which there is a publically available data (for example, sectors within national input-output tables) 3. Estimate the proportion of economic activity that is marine-based 4. Record levels of turnover, employment, value-added (GDP), for each industry that is in the marine sector Certain marine sub-sectors were clearly identifiable within national input-output tables or national income and expenditure estimates, for example maritime transport or fishing. Data on other marine based activity was more difficult to obtain; for example, one cannot isolate marine-based tourism data from general tourism using the data collected by the Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO). Therefore, certain sub-sectors required additional surveys to ensure that all marine sub-sectors were represented. The data sources used were: • The Census of Industrial Production (CIP), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/industry/ (full data available from CSO Cork). • The Annual Services Inquiry (ASI), 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/services/ (full data set available from CSO Cork) • The Census of Buildings and Construction (CBC) , 2007, available at http://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/construction/ (full data available from CSO Cork) A survey developed by the Marine Socio Economic Research Unit (SEMRU) was administrated to enterprises in the marine sub-sectors when data on their representative sectors was not available in CSO datasets. This survey was similar to the surveys administrated by the CSO and contained questions on the enterprises annual turnover, purchases, employee levels, labour costs, investment among others. The companies surveyed were compiled using an updated listing of the Marine Institutes MIDI (Marine Industry Data Inventory) company database, available at www.marine.ie Activity type: Marine Social Activities Agriculture, fisheries & forestry Transport Tourism Primary fishing Fish landings Market & non-market services Manufacturing, building & construction Method used in the analysis of Marine Social Activities: The definition of Ireland’s coastal economy is drawn up on the basis of a tiered approach of geography extending inland from the shorelines of the oceans and seas surrounding the Republic of Ireland. The definitions of alternative tiers are based on electoral districts, county boundaries and EU NUTS 3 regions. The following categories are used starting with the shoreline and proceeding in an inland direction: Shoreline Electoral Districts: establishments or population located in an electoral district (ED) that is immediately adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. Of the 3400 EDs in the country, 628 are Shoreline Electoral Districts. Coastal County: establishments or population located in a county that has a shoreline of any length adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. 15 of the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland are Coastal Counties. European NUTS 3 Coastal Region: a standard statistical regions (EU NUTS level 3), where at least half of the population is within 50 km of the shoreline. This is the Eurostat definition of a coastal region and in the Irish case would include 7 of the 8 NUTS 3 regions in Ireland, the Border, the West, Dublin, the Mid-East, the Mid-West, the South East and the South West. Only the four counties of the Midlands NUT 3 region are excluded from this definition. Data from public sources, which is publically collected, data which is publically collected but is not released into the public domain and in some cases where there was no publicly available data a survey was undertaken by SEMRU.Quantitative assessment are used.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

Approach used to assess the cost of degradation: Ecosystem Services Approach - We use the Choice Experiment (CE) evaluation technique to measure the welfare impact from not implementing in full the MSFD. In a CE framework, the marine environment is broken down into its component attributes, which are presented to respondents normally as a set combination of the attributes. Respondents are then presented with a sequence of these choice sets, each containing alternative descriptions of the marine environment, differentiated by their attributes and levels. Respondents are then asked to state their preferred alternative within the choice set. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Cost of degradation analysis: Methodology In order to obtain information relating to the Irish publics’ attitudes towards different features of the Irish marine environment and, in particular, to estimate the welfare impacts resulting from possible future changes to this environment, a survey of 817 individuals living in Ireland was conducted between September 2012 and November 2012. A quota controlled sampling procedure was followed to ensure that the survey was nationally representative for the population aged 18 years and above. The quotas used were based on known population distribution figures for age, sex and region of residence taken from the Irish National Census of Population, 2011. In the Choice Experiment (CE) part of the survey each respondent was asked to identify a preferred marine environment choice among a given set of alternatives. The choice experiment modeling framework is used to estimate the potential welfare impacts of a number of hypothetical marine environment degradation scenarios that could become real should the Marine Strategy Framework Directive not be implemented in full. Attribute selection in the CE was based on the descriptors in the MSFD. However, to decrease the cognitive burden on respondents some of the descriptors were grouped together into single attributes and they were defined in a manner that was understandable to non-scientific audience. These descriptions were aided by discussions with participants at a number of focus groups and further discussions with specialists in the Irish Marine Institute. Pilot testing of the survey instrument was also carried out prior to the main survey. The pilot survey was conducted during August 2012 with a sample of 50 respondents to test the coverage, wording, length, and the design of the survey. Along with the expert judgment and observations from earlier focus group discussions, the results from the pilot were used to refine the questions asked in the main survey. Both the pilot and the main survey itself were conducted by a survey company using face-to-face, door-to-door personal interviews. The final attribute list was comprised of: the state of biodiversity in the Irish marine ecosystem, the sustainability of fisheries, the pollution levels in sea, the presence of non-native species, physical impacts to the sea and the price (the cost) each policy alternative would cost the respondent each year. The payment vehicle (the cost attribute) used in the choice experiment was an increase in general taxation. The reasons for using this payment vehicle included the fact that marine policy and programmes are generally paid for through taxation. Participants in the focus groups also indicated that taxation was their preferred payment option. The tax levels were €5, €10, €20, €30, €45, €70, with a baseline of no increase.

CSO data available from www.cso.ie Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf. Minchin, D. (2007). A checklist of alien and cryptogenic aquatic species in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions, 2:4, 341-366. OSPAR Commision (2009). Assessment of impacts of mariculture. http://qsr2010.ospar.org/media/assessments/p00442_Impacts_of_Mariculture.pdf 'Rising tide for Irish aquaculture industry? Project would double – and more - salmon production', Seafood Intelliegnce, available from http://www.seafoodintelligence.com/EditModule.aspx?tabid=69&mid=552&def=News%20Article%20View&ItemId=29980. Sea Fisheries Protection Authority (www.sfpa.ie/); (2011). SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf). The Status of Aquaculture (2007), Marine Institute, Bord Iascaigh Mhara and Údarás na Gaeltachta available from http://www.marine.ie/NR/rdonlyres/8AE234AC-820B-48F8-B6B9-53B4E69FF904/0/StatusofAQreport2007finaldraft.pdf. http://www.seafoodintelligence.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=290

Board Iascaigh Mhara Report (2011), available at http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/publications/2011/annualreviewandoutlookforagriculturefisheriesandfood20102011/fisheries/overview/ Central Statistics Office – Trade Exports Database 2007 Central Statistics Office (2007). Quarterly National Household Survey, Q2, 2007, Cork Central Statistics Office (2008). National Accounts Output Value by Activity 2007, Dublin. Collie, J. S., Hall, S. J., Kaiser, M. J. and Poiner, I. R. (2000). A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 785-798. Foden, J., Rodgers, S. I. and Jones, A. P. (2010). Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction- towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 411, 259-270. Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at: http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Kaiser, M. J., Clarke, K. R., Hinz, H., Austen, M. C. V., Somerfield, P. J. and Karakakkis, I. (2006). Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 311, 1–14 Marine Institute. (2009). Shellfish Stocks and Fisheries Review. Marine Institute and Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Ireland. Marine Institute. (2010). Shellfish Stocks and Fisheries Review. Marine Institute and Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Ireland. Marine Institute. (2011). Shellfish Stocks and Fisheries Review. Marine Institute and Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Ireland. Marine Institute. (2012). The Stock Book. Annual Review of Fish Stocks in 2012 with Management Advice for 2013. Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland. Marine Institute. (2013). How much of the seabed is impacted by mobile fishing gear? Absolute estimates from Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) point data (Accepted). Sea Fisheries Protection Agency (2007). Annual Report 2007, Clonakilty, Cork SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf)

BIM press release (2012), available at http://www.bim.ie/media-centre/press-releases/content,63458,en.html Central Statistics Office (2008). National Accounts Output Value by Activity 2007, Dublin. (Coefficient for NACE code 10, Manufacturing of food products and beverages). Central Statistics Office (2009), Census of Industrial Production 2007, Cork Food Harvest 2020, Dept of Agri, Fisheries & Food, available at http://www.midlandsireland.ie/images/uploads/file/Regional/EI/EI_2020%20Food%20Harvest.pdf Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at: http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf)

BIM, (2011). Irish Macroalgae Industry. Available at: http://www.netalgae.eu/uploadedfiles/new%20poster%20version%20ireland.pdf EHSNI. (2007). Environmentally Sustainable Seaweed Harvesting in Northern Ireland. Belfast. Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012.Available at: http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Marine Biotechnology Ireland, http://www.marine.ie/home/research/SeaChange/NationalMarineBiotechnology/ SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf) Walsh, (2012). Seaweed Harvesting in Ireland. Bord Iascaigh Mhara. http://www.netalgae.eu/uploadedfiles/WALSH_M_(EN).pdf

DCENR (2010). DRAFT Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) Version 1.3, November 2010. http://www.seai.ie/Renewables/Ocean_Energy/Strategic_Environmental_Assessment_of_the_OREDP/Environmental_Report/ Economic Study for Ocean Energy Development in Ireland http://www.seai.ie/Renewables/Ocean_Energy/Ocean_Energy_Information_Research/Ocean_Energy_Publications/SQW_Economics_Study.pdf EMEC (2005). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidance for Developers at the European Marine Energy Centre. Energy Ireland Website http://www.energyireland.ie/irish-marine-renewables Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012.Available at: http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Madsen, P. T., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K. and Tyack, P. L. (2006). Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 309. PP 279-295. OSPAR (2010). Quality Status Report. OSPAR Commission, London. 176 pp. SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf) Strategy for Renewable Energy 2012 - 2020. Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. Available from http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/9472D68A-40F4-41B8-B8FD-F5F788D4207A/0/RenewableEnergyStrategy2012_2020.pdf Wilhelmsson, D. and Malm, T. (2008). Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 79. pp259-266. www.cso.ie

Beck, S., O’Brien, J., O’Connor, I., & Berrow, S. (2012). Assessment and Monitoring of Ocean Noise in Irish Waters: Assessment of Indicator 11.1.1: Register of Impulsive Noise from Seismic Surveys. Delivered through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Research Programme – Science, Technology, Research & Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) Programme 2007 – 2013. Project Based Aware 2011-W-MS-6. http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/research/water/name,33860,en.html Central Statistics Office (2009). Census of Industrial Production 2007, Cork. Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Oireachtas Report on Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration' for Ireland, (May 2012). http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/cnranda/Final-JCNRA-Report-on-Offshore-Oil-&-Gas-Exploration.pdf OSPAR (2010). Quality Status Report. OSPAR Commission, London. 176 pp. SEMRU Company Survey (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf)

An Taisce (2009). Ireland’s Marine Litter Survey Report 2008-2009. An Taisce Dublin. An Taisce (2012). OSPAR Marine Litter Report 2011. An Taisce Dublin. Central Statistics Office (2008). National Accounts Output Value by Activity 2007, Dublin. Central Statistics Office (2009), Annual Services Inquiry 2007, Cork. IMDO article, available at: http://www.imdo.ie/IMDO/newsroom/top-news-story.htm Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Minchin, D. (2007). A checklist of alien and cryptogenic aquatic species in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions, 2:4, 341-366. Mouat, J., Lozno, J. L and Bateson, H. (2010). Economic Impacts of Marine Litter Report. KIMO International. SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf) The Irish Maritime Transport Economist, vol.9, (2012), available at http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/a0f5beaf#/a0f5beaf/1

Central Statistics Office (2008). National Accounts Output Value by Activity 2007, Dublin. Central Statistics Office (2009). Transport Statistics 2007, Cork. Central Statistics Office – Trade Exports Database 2007 Cruise Tourism to Ireland Research Report (2010), Failte Ireland. Available at http://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/3_Research_Insights/1_Sectoral_SurveysReports/ReportCruiseTourismIreland.pdf?ext=.pdf Failte Ireland estimated the number and expenditure of overseas visitors engaged in marine activities in 2003. These figures were updated for 2007 using Failte Ireland estimates of overseas visitors from 2004 through to 2007. Available at http://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/3_Research_Insights/3_General_SurveysReports/TourismFacts2007.pdf?ext=.pdf Failte Ireland figures for employment in tourism (for example, employment in hotels, restaurants, entertainment, etc), inflated in line with overall employment figures for the sector from 2004 through to 2007. Available at http://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/3_Research_Insights/3_General_SurveysReports/TourismFacts2007.pdf?ext=.pdf Failte Ireland (c. 2010). Strategy Statement 2010-2012. Available at http://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/4_Corporate_Documents/Strategy_Operations_Plans/Strategy_Statement_2010-2012.pdf?ext=.pdf Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Maloney, R and Ward, A. (2008). Economic Contribution of the Port of Cork to the Irish Economy, UCC Report. Marine Institute publication 'Water Based Tourism, Product Audit 2006', available at http://www.marine.ie/NR/rdonlyres/0278736F-BFF4-43B0-ABAE-35C2AC917CB7/0/WaterBasedTourismandLeisureProductAudit2006.pdf%20Accessed%20April%202010 Marine Institute (2012). The Stock Book. Annual Review of Fish Stocks in 2012 with Management Advice for 2013. Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland. Minchin, D. (2007). A checklist of alien and cryptogenic aquatic species in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions, 2:4, 341-366. SEMRU (2010) Ireland’s Ocean Economy, SEMRU Report Series No. 1. (http://www.nuigalway.ie/semru/documents/final_report_small.pdf) The Irish Maritime Transport Economist, vol.9 (2012) available at http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/a0f5beaf#/a0f5beaf/1

Beck, S., O’Brien, J., O’Connor, I., & Berrow, S. (2012). Assessment and Monitoring of Ocean Noise in Irish Waters: Assessment of Indicator 11.1.1: Register of Impulsive Noise from Seismic Surveys. Delivered through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Research Programme – Science, Technology, Research & Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) Programme 2007 – 2013. Project Based Aware 2011-W-MS-6. http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/research/water/name,33860,en.html ForFas Report (2012), Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group, adopted by Government March 2012, available at http://www.forfas.ie/media/ffs20120301-Research_Prioritisation_Exercise_Report.pdf Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group (2012). “Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland”, Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group 2012. Available at http://www.ouroceanwealth.ie/SiteCollectionDocuments/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf Marine Institute, provided information based on data collected by the Sea Change Managament Unit – A Marine Knowledge, Research and Innovation Strategy for Ireland 2007- 2013 OSPAR (2010). Quality Status Report. OSPAR Commission, London. 176 pp.

EPA (2012) WWT licences and AERs: http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/licensing/wwda/ EPA (2012a). Focus on Urban Waste Water Discharges in Ireland. EPA, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland. Available at: http://www.epa.ie/downloads/pubs/water/wastewater/uww/UWW_Report.pdf . EPA (2012b). The Quality of Bathing Water in Ireland - An Overview for the Year 2011. EPA, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland. Hernández, F; Molinos, M. y Garrido, S. (2010). “Economic valuation of environmental benefits from wastewater treatment processes: An empirical approach for Spain”. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 4, pp. 953-957. Marine Institute. (2012). An Assessment of the Bacteriological Quality of Designated Shellfish Growing Waters (Directive 2006/113/EC on the quality required of shellfish waters). Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland McGarrigle, M., Lucey, J. and O Cinneide, M. (2010). Water Quality in Ireland. 2010. Environmental Protection Agency, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland.

Irish Central Statistics Office Data - Census of Population, CSO data (labour force survey, live register etc.), Census of Agriculture; National Farm Survey data; Failte Ireland; and Eurostat data, quantitative assessment was used. The year used was 2006. Spatial scale: this figure is relevant to coastal region, shoreline ED and EU coast (NUTS 3). Affluence index score based on Haase T, Pratschke J. New Measures of Deprivation for the Republic of Ireland. Dublin: Pobal; 2008. Hynes, S. and Farrelly, N. (2012). Defining standard statistical coastal regions for Ireland, Marine Policy 36: 393–404 Reference: Hynes, S. and Farrelly, N. (2012). Defining standard statistical coastal regions for Ireland, Marine Policy 36: 393–404.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Information based on a survey carried out by SEMRU, National University of Ireland Galway in October/November 2012 for the specific purpose of conducting the CE for the initial MSFD assessment.

Aquaculture

Sea_Fisheries

Seafood_Processing

Marine_Biotech_Bioproducts

Marine_Renewable_Energy

Oil&Gas_Exploration_Production

Shipping_And_Maritime_Services

Tourism_Leisure

MarineResearch

Wastewater

MarineSocialActivities

Shellfish aquaculture activities are widely distributed around the coast of Ireland, with particular concentrations in Co. Donegal, Connemara, Co. Galway, West Cork, Co. Waterford, Co. Wexford and Carlingford Lough, Co. Louth. Finfish aquaculture is mainly restricted to the Western seaboard in counties Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry and Cork. Aquaculture activities are currently decreasing with employment figures showing a decrease of 23.89% in the period 2003 to 2007. Projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood processing) set out in Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth (2012) predict an annual turnover of 1,000 million euro by 2020 in these sectors overall. Irish seafood exports increased by 14% in 2010 to €378 million compared with the previous year with a further increase of 13% to €420m in 2011. A Deep Sea Fish Farming project off the west coast of Ireland with a 15,000 tonnes organic salmon production capacity - is being proposed by the state agency BIM (the Irish Sea Fisheries Board) – together with the Marine Institute’s scientific expertise. This one project will double aquaculture production in Ireland in the next 10 years if operationalised. If successful, the first of at least three such proposed projects it is estimated would create 500 jobs (350 direct + 150 in service jobs) and 102 million euro in turnover at today’s salmon value (http://www.seafoodintelligence.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=290).

In 2007, the Irish fishing fleet comprised of 1,700 vessels with a total capacity of 81,600 tonnes and a total engine power of 207,000KW. Fishing communities are distributed around the coast of Ireland, centred particularly around the fishing harbours of Killybegs, Co. Donegal, Ros an Mhil, Co. Galway, An Daingean, Co. Kerry, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Dunmore East Co. Waterford and Howth, Co. Dublin. Landings and turnover for sea-fisheries peaked in 2004 at €270 million. However, due to quota reductions and a decrease in total fishing effort, landings decreased steadily from 2004 to 2007 to €251 milllion. However, turnover from sea-landings increased by 19% from 2003 to 2007. This increase in value is due to the increase in the market price for landings. The 2011 fishing opportunities for the international fleets that operate in the waters around Ireland were 937,924 tonnes of fish, with an estimated landed value of €1.04 billion. Ireland’s share of these fishing opportunities represents 21% by tonnage and 17% (€177 million) by value (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Annual turnover projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood porcessing) is €1,000 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Seafood Processing activities are distributed around the coast of Ireland, but are particularly concentrated around the six commercial fishing harbours of Killybegs, Co. Donegal, Ross a Mhil, Co. Galway, Daingean, Co. Kerry, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Dunmore East, Co. Waterford, and Howth in Co. Dublin. Turnover in seafood processing increased by 8% between 2003 and 2007. However, due to smaller processing plants closing and/or amalgamating, employment in the sector fell by 25% from 2003 - 2007. Projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood porcessing) set out in the Intergrated Marine Plan for Ireland (launched July 2012) predict annual turnover of €1,000 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Recent news of investment in the seafood processing sector was announced in May 2012. The investment is part of a national investment of €15.5 million, which is supported by grants of €3.2 million under the EU co-funded Seafood Processing Business Investment Scheme. The Scheme is implemented as part of the Irish Seafood Development Programme 2007-2013. These investments by 21 companies are projected to generate over 142 additional jobs and increase sales of value added seafood products of nearly €44 million by 2015. The companies are based in Wexford, Dublin, Cork, Donegal, Galway, Louth and Kerry (BIM, 2012).

Marine biotechnology, the extraction of value added products and processes from marine organisms, finds economic applications in novel drug development, bio medical devices, food ingredients and industrial chemicals. Ireland’s emerging marine biotechnology industry is diverse, spanning different industry sectors and contributing to an array of novel products and processes. Seaweed harvesting takes place around the coast of Ireland, with particular concentrations in Co. Galway, Co. Donegal, Co. Sligo, Co. Kerry, and Co. Cork. Turnover in marine biotechnology and bioproducts production and products doubled between 2003 and 2007 due to a number of new entrants into the seaweed market. The seaweed-based biotechnology category has seen a significant increase in growth as demand for seaweed-based products and derivatives increase both in Ireland and abroad. Projections for Marine ICT and Biotechnology predict annual turnover of >€61 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Marine biotechnology is expected to be one of the major technologies of the 21st century, suitable to address the societal “grand challenges” of health, food and energy. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products are taking the largest share of the markets, followed by consumer products such as food, beverages, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The high-growth industry sectors of pharmaceuticals, biopharma, medical devices, advanced materials, food and food ingredients have a strong presence in Ireland; and have become increasingly research intensive. Ireland’s seaweed industry is valued at approximately €18m per annum, processing 36,000 tonnes of seaweed (entirely from wild resources) and employing 185 people. There is a significant global market for seaweed, with a total output reaching 15.8 million tonnes in 2008, valued at approximately €5.4 billion (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

As of October 2012 there are 7 x 3.6 MW offshore turbines in place in the southern Irish Sea. This site is licensed for a total maximium output of 520MW. A further 1100MW is also licensed within a site in the eastern Irish Sea but to date no development has taken place. The offshore wind energy industry is, in the main, non-indigenous and importing technology know-how and equipment to harness Ireland’s natural wind energy resource. The Irish wave and tidal energy industry is a mainly indigenous, knowledge-based and highly innovative group of companies primarily focussing on the pre-commercial design stage. In 2007, there were eight companies actively involved in the design, development, testing and deployment of marine renewable energy devices in Ireland. Activity in the marine renewables category increased significantly between 2003 and 2007, particularly in terms of investment and employment. Investment from both Irish and International companies increased from €18 million in 2003 to €101 million in 2007. Employment increased ten fold from 10 FTE in 2003 to 101 FTE in 2007. Ireland’s offshore wind, waves and tides have the potential in the future to offer a source of clean, green, renewable energy along with new commercial opportunities (services), provided the technologies become commercially viable. Ocean energy represents perhaps the greatest economic opportunity this island faces over the next 20 years and it’s up to us to exploit and ensure that we realise all of the potential benefits. Energy policy priorities in Ireland are framed in the context of the European energy policy. Under the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC, Ireland is committed to ensure that by 2020, at least 16% of all energy consumed in the state is from renewable sources, with a sub-target of 10% in the transport sector. The Sustainable Energy Act 2002 aims to promote and assist the development of sustainable energy. The Irish government has also set a target of 40% of electricity production to come from renewable sources by 2020 (http://www.seai.ie/Renewables/Ocean_Energy/Ocean_Energy_Information_Research/Ocean_Energy_Publications/SQW_Economics_Study.pdf). Our renewable energy resources, both onshore and offshore, are significantly greater than the national energy requirement. Ireland’s onshore wind, offshore wind and ocean energy resources are an export opportunity. As set out in the Strategy for Renewable Energy 2012-2020, the Government is committed to working with the UK Government, under the auspices of the British Irish Council, and with the European Commission and Member States in the context of the North Sea Offshore Grid Initiative, to create the framework and conditions for renewable energy export. Future potential for offshore renewable energy is considered to be very significant (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Ireland has been a producer of gas since the discovery of gas reserves in Kinsale, Co. Cork in 1971. The Oil and Gas industry in Ireland is made up of two sub-categories, oil and gas exploration and, the extraction and production of gas. Companies involved in the extraction and production of gas in Ireland are based in Cork and Dublin. However, the companies that provide services to the gas production companies are located across Ireland. Over the last 40 years 129 exploration wells have been drilled, mainly off the south coast. Total investment to-date by the private sector in exploration activity is estimated at approximately €3 billion, resulting in four commercial discoveries (three off Cork and one at Corrib off Mayo). Ireland’s offshore gas resources currently supply about 5% of the economy’s gas demand. Turnover from hydrocarbon exploration increased significantly between 2003 and 2007 (43.8%). This is primarily due to the discovery of gas reserves off Belmullet, Co. Mayo in 1999 and the subsequent and on-going development of the Corrib gas field by the Corrib consortium. Projections for Ports & Maritime Transport Services, Maritime Manufacturing, Engineering, Offshore Oil & Gas and other marine industries as set out in the Intergrated Marine Plan for Ireland (launched July 2012) predict annual turnover of €1,200 million by 2020 for these sectors combined (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Ireland’s offshore Atlantic margin is estimated to hold substantial ‘potential, yet-to-find’ hydrocarbon reserves of some 10 billion barrels of oil equivalent (including gas). Extensive exploration drilling will be required to test this estimated potential (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Despite a fiscal system aimed at encouraging industry, successful exploration off Ireland‘s shores has been among the lowest in the world. The report from the Oireachtas Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture said tax on future offshore oil and gas profits should be set at a minimum of 40 per cent, rising to a maximum of 80 per cent. The principal benefit to the economy from the offshore oil and gas sector arises from producing fields in terms of the direct return to the Exchequer in the form of taxation and the strengthening of Ireland’s security of energy supply. Commencement of production from the Corrib gas field, currently forecast for late 2014, will be an important milestone in this regard, producing the equivalent of up to 60-65% of domestic demand for natural gas in its early years. The precise value of this will depend on the price of gas at that time. The long-term aim of the sectoral strategy of promoting the opportunity to invest in exploration in the Irish offshore is to achieve new commercial discoveries leading to new development projects. In the short to medium-term, this strategy can help generate increased activity levels for support services for offshore operations (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

The majority of shipping activity occurs around the nine commercial ports on the coast of Ireland; Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Dundalk, Dun Laoghaire, Galway, New Ross, Foynes and Wicklow. Companies providing port and maritime services are located across the nine main commercial ports in Ireland. Turnover and employment increased significantly between 2003 and 2007 in the shipping and maritime category. Turnover increased by 52% and employment by 9%. This was a direct result of the buoyant economic conditions that prevailed during this period and the resulting strong export of goods and increased imports into Ireland. After a relatively strong start to 2011, the majority of ports witnessed a slowdown in bulk volumes in the second half of 2011 compared to 2010, with only three ports showing bulk volume growth in the fourth quarter of 2011. This decline can be mainly attributed to the global slowdown which affected demand in the domestic economy. Passenger volumes on the Island of Ireland in 2011 was 4.6 million which was influenced by the Icelandic ash cloud crisis in April 2010 which saw passenger numbers increase by 13% and meant an extra 150,000 passengers being accommodated in 2010. Projections for Ports & Maritime Transport Services, Maritime Manufacturing, Engineering, Offshore Oil & Gas and other marine industries predict annual turnover of €1,200 million by 2020 for these sectors combined (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). The volume of shipping and port traffic through the Republic of Ireland declined in the first quarter of 2012 according to the figures released by the Irish Maritime Development Office. Imports fell by 2% in the first quarter.This represents the 17th consecutive quarter of declining import volumes. The Irish Ports and Shipping sector is heavily influenced by events globally. As the stability of the European economy remains fragile, uncertainty for Irish consumers and businesses will inevitably persist, which will be clearly reflected in freight volumes passing through Irish ports (http://www.imdo.ie/IMDO/newsroom/top-news-story.htm). Ireland is critically dependent on maritime shipping and ports and the services they provide. Sea-based transport accounted for 99% of the total volume (45 million tonnes) and 95% of the total value (€128 billion) of the goods traded (imports/ exports) through Irish ports in 2010 (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Marine based tourism and water-based activities are available all along the coast of Ireland. However, approximately 33% of water based activity companies are found in the South-West, in Cork and Kerry. Included in marine based tourism is the Irish cruise industry - it is still embryonic compared to its European counterparts. Expenditure by cruise passengers disembarking at Irish ports increased between 2003 and 2007. This is due to a higher number of cruise liners stopping at Irish ports and a general upward increase in global tourism expenditure. Main ports of call for cruise liners include Dublin, Cork, Waterford and Galway. Turnover from marine based tourism increased by an estimated 62% between 2003 and 2007. This increase in water-based tourism was as a result of a general increase in tourism during this period. It also represents the increase in water-based activity operators in Ireland, particularly charter fishing, surfing, sailing, sea kayaking and diving activities during this period. A total of 130 liners docked at Irish ports in 2007, carrying 102,000 passengers. The average number of passengers on board each liner was 787. A report commissioned by the Port of Cork estimated that the average spend per disembarking cruise passenger was €443.5 in 2007 which equates to an estimated €45.3 million in total cruise liner related expenditure in Ireland. There were over 200 large cruise vessel calls to Ireland carrying 308,811 passenger and crew in 2011. The Cruise business has doubled the number of visitors in just over 7 years when there were 142 cruise calls to Irish ports in 2004 with 146,198 passengers and crew. Predicted annual turnover for Marine and Coastal Tourism and Leisure (including cruise tourism) is €1,500 million by 2020 (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Water-based tourism and leisure is the largest single contributor to the Irish ocean economy and has historically been an important sector for the Irish economy in general. The Irish tourism industry contributed an estimated €6.45 billion to the Irish economy in 2007. Marine tourism and leisure accounts for 7% of this figure. Irish sea-angling has a well-established international market. In peak season – April to October, Failte Ireland estimate that 50% to 60% of business may be from overseas clients. However, after years of growth, visitor numbers from key overseas markets in recent years, most notably Britain and the US, have declined significantly, due to a number of factors, including adverse exchange rates. And it’s not certain yet what will happen over the next couple of years. It may be a number of years before we get back to 2007 levels for overseas visits and the improvement, when it comes, will most likely be gradual and from 2011 figures at best. The number of cruise ship passenger and crew travelling to Ireland has increased by over 200% in the last decade from 64,376 to 204,489. This growth has come about through both an increase in the number of cruise ship visits and in the number of vessels with a higher passenger capacity. If future trends reflect recent experiences, the Irish cruise market has potential for substantial growth in the coming years. Failte Ireland is preparing a policy paper to provide insights and direction for its work in this area (Failte Ireland, c. 2010)

Marine research is carried out by 16 institutes across the State (7 universities, 7 Institutes of Technologies and 2 other third level institutes), a number of public agencies (namely the Marine Institute and BIM) and by industry. However, spatial clusters have emerged in Galway (around the Marine Institute and NUI Galway) and University College Cork. In 2007, Irish marine research received €22.7 million in funding. Approximately 90% of this funding was granted to third level and public sector agencies. The remaining 10% was either grant aided to industry or the industry’s own contribution. Type of Research Award: • Capacity Building • Infrastructure • Project-Based • Industry-Led • Education & Training The research area of Seabed and Resource Mapping received the highest amount of state funding in 2007 (22%). Ocean climate change and Robotic Platforms received the next highest at 8% and 7% of total funding respectively. Sea-bed mapping research was linked to the INFOMER project, which produced the first comprehensive sea-bed surveys in Irish waters. Research and innovation clusters also support economic growth and job creation. In Ireland a number of marine clusters/networks have emerged in recent years e.g. Irish Maritime Energy & Research Cluster (IMERC), the Socio-Economc Marine Research Unit (SEMRU) and SmartOcean Innovation Cluster. This approach brings together SMEs, educational and research institutes to add value and competitiveness within Ireland. In the context of a national strategy to maximise the potential of the ocean energy resource, the IMERC project (University College Cork, the Cork Institute of Technology, and the Irish Naval Service) have the ambition to develop a world leading research and education centre for marine energy, maritime security and safety, shipping logistics and transport and marine recreation. Opportunities for economic growth through marine research (notably seafood, marine functional foods, marine renewable energy and ICT applications in the marine environment) are clearly recognised in the Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group, adopted by Government in March 2012. This Report, which seeks to accelerate the delivery of economic outcomes from public investment in science, technology and innovation, also identifies the need for investment in underpinning research, integrated infrastructure and research in support of policy (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Estuarine and coastal waters host ecosystems which dilute and assimilate discharged wastewater around the island of Ireland. Most of the this service is provided close to population centres in the East and Southern part of the island. It is estimated that 60% of the wastewater in the state is discharged to marine waters after treatment to various levels. Investment of €3.2 billion between 2000 and 2010 in providing secondary wastewater treatment will lower the value of this ecosystem service. While 77% of agglomerations over 500 within the state has secondary wastewater treatement only 54% of coastal agglomerations over 500 have the same level of treament. However with the population expected to increase by 1.2 million from 2011 to 2021 the value of coastal ecosystems in treating wastewater could increase. Wastewater is generally treated to a higher standard before being discharged to marine waters in the eastern half of the state compared to the western half of the state. Trends to date suggest that the value of this ecosystem service has decreased as there has been increased investment and levels of treatment of wastewater prior to discharge. From 2001 to 2009, secondary wastewater treatment or better increased throughout the state from 29% to 93% based on Population Equivalent. For coastal waters, it is estimated that 91% of wastewater is now treated to secondary treatment levels based on PE. EPA (2012) identifies 11 urban agglomerations which require secondary treatment, all of which currently discharge to marine waters. Further compliance with UWWT Directive and WFD will lead to a reduction in the value of the wastewater treatment ecosystem service value.

The definition of Ireland’s coastal region and coastal economy is drawn up on the basis of a tiered approach of geography extending inland from the shorelines of the oceans and seas surrounding the Republic of Ireland: Shoreline Electoral Districts: establishments or population located in an electoral district (ED) that is immediately adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. Of the 3400 EDs in the country, 628 are Shoreline Electoral Districts. Coastal County: establishments or population located in a county that has a shoreline of any length adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. 15 of the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland are Coastal Counties. European NUTS 3 Coastal Region: a standard statistical regions (EU NUTS level 3), where at least half of the population is within 50 km of the shoreline. This is the Eurostat definition of a coastal region and in the Irish case would include 7 of the 8 NUTS 3 regions in Ireland, the Border, the West, Dublin, the Mid-East, the Mid-West, the South East and the South West.In Ireland NUTS 3 level regions are represented by grouped counties.This includes most of the area of Ireland except for four counties in the centre. In terms of economic activity in Irish coastal areas, agriculture, fishing and tourism are obviously key components especially outside the main urban centres in the coastal zone. The importance of primary agriculture to the Irish economy has reduced in recent years, in line with the trend in all industrialised countries. Nonetheless, it remains important, accounting for 2.3% of GDP at factor cost, in 2006. Furthermore, the Agri-Food industry is one of the country’s largest home-grown industries accounting for an 8.1% share of GDP (Hynes and Farrelly, 2012).

lessthan1%

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

lessthan1%

lessthan1%

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

High

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

High

High

Low

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

03.21

03.10

10.20

N/A

N/A

06.10 (oil) and 06.20 (gas)

50.20, 52.24, 52.29 and 77.34

50.10

N/A

N/A

N/A

Decreasing

Decreasing

Increasing

Increasing

Increasing

Increasing

Increasing

Increasing

Increasing

Decreasing

Unknown_NotAssessed

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2003-2007

2007-2012

2001-2009

2003-2007

Increase

Unknown_NotAssessed

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Decrease

Unknown_NotAssessed

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2020

2012-2018

2012-2018

2012-2020

Trends in Activity: Landings and turnover for sea-fisheries peaked in 2004 at 270 million euro. However, due to quota reductions and a decrease in total fishing effort, landings decreased steadily from 2004 to 2007 to €251 milllion. However, turnover from sea-landings increased by 19% from 2003 to 2007. This increase in value is due to the increase in the market price for landings. The future expected trends in Sea-Fisheries activities is unknown. The annual turnover projections for seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood porcessing) is €1,000 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). This increase in value may be due to an increase in the market price for landings.

The total value of the shellfish production in 2007 was €47.2 million, while finfish production was valued at €58.4 million.

Ireland had fish landings valued at €251 million in 2007.

The turnover generated by Ireland’s seafood processing companies in the handling, processing and distribution of fish in 2007 was €395.5 million. Approximately €280 million of this was from the processing of seafood for export.

The turnover generated by the marine biotechnology and bioproducts industry in 2007 was €18 million.

In 2007 over €100m was invested in pre-commercial design activity. An additional €51m was invested in the development of the Irish offshore wind sector which had a turnover of just €6.2m in 2007 from one offshore wind farm operator (7 turbines).

The turnover generated by oil and gas exploration and production was €197.3 million in 2007

The turnover generated by shipping in 2007 was €693 million, of which €294 million was from exports. The turnover generated by Port and Maritime Logistic services was €196 million.

Marine-based tourism and leisure generated a turnover of €989.3 million in 2007 (cruise industry generated €29 billion in total economic benefits for Europe in 2007. An estimated €45.3 million in total cruise liner related expenditure in Ireland).

Using the value of grant funding as a proxy for turnover, marine research activity generated €22.7 million in 2007.

In 2006 the Coastal Economy was estimated to be worth approximately €177,285 million in GDP value.

€105.6 million

€251 million

€395.5 million

€18 million

€6.2 million

€197 million

€693 million

€989.3 million

€22.7 million

N/A

€177.3 million

Aquaculture added €42.28 million to Ireland’s total Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) in 2007

Commercial fishing contributed an estimated €100.3 million in Gross Value Added to the Irish economy in 2007.

Seafood Processing added an estimated €88.2 million in Gross Value Added in 2007.

The gross value added to the Irish economy was €8.6 million in 2007.

The industry generated €4.4 million in gross value added to the Irish economy.

The sector generated €137 million in gross value added.

The total gross value added generated by shipping was €194 million in 2007. The gross value added generated by the Port and Maritime Logistic services was €134 million.

Marine-based tourism and leisure generated a turnover of €944 million and added €453 million to Ireland’s total Gross Domestic Profit (GDP) in 2007.

In 2007, the gross value added of the marine research sector (calculated as employee income within the sector) was €5.3 million.

Based on discharges reported for agglomerations over 500 P.E. by the EPA and shadow prices estimated for treating BOD, N and P by Hernández-Sancho et al. (2010), the value for wastewater treatment for Irish marine waters is at least €295m per year.

In 2006 the gross value added of the agricultural, fisheries and forestry sectors in the Irish EU NUTS 3 coastal region was €2,530m. Manufacturing, building & construction GVA was €53,145m and market and non-market services GVA was €100,809m.

€42.28 million

€100.3 million

€88.2 million

€8.6 million

€4.4 million

€137 million

€328 million

€453 million

€5.3 million

€295 million per year

€156.5 million

High

High

High

Moderate

High

High

High

High

High

Moderate

High

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

The estimated annual value for wastewater treatment for Irish marine waters is likely to be a large underestimate due to the amount of wastewater not accounted for and the marginal shadow prices used are likely to be lower than the price of treating wastewater post secondary treatment.

N/A

Aquaculture employed 1,981 individuals in 2007. Of these, 686 were employed full-time, 478 were employed part-time, and 817 were employed on a seasonal basis. The FTE's employed by aquaculture were 1,061.

Sea fisheries employed 2,200 individuals in 2007. In the 2006 Irish Census of Population 1,717 persons declared that their main occupation was in fishing or fishing related industries.

The Irish seafood processing industry employed 2,090 full-time equivalent (FTE) individuals in the handling, processing and distributing of fish in 2007.

185 individuals were employed within the marine biotechnology and bioproducts industry in 2007.

There were 101 full-time equivalent (FTE) individuals in the field of marine renewable energy (offshore wind, wave and tidal) in 2007. This employment was primarily concentrated in the design and development of prototypes.

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production employed approximately 790 individuals in 2007.

Shipping employed 1,149 individuals in 2007 while related Port and Maritime Logistics services employed 1,045 individuals.

Marine-based tourism and leisure supported 5,836 individuals in employment in 2007.

In 2007, 183 individuals were engaged in full-time marine-based research. Of these, 64 (35%) were PhD students, 59 (32%) were Post-Doctoral researchers and 60 (33%) were other research staff.

Males Unemployment Rate (%): Shoreline ED 9.4%, Coastal county 9.5% and EU NUTS3 8.7%; Females Unemployment Rate (%): Shoreline ED 7.8%, Coastal county 8.4% and EU NUTS3 8.1%

1061 FTE's

2200 FTE's

2090 FTE's

185 FTE's in 2007

101 FTE's

790 FTE's

2194 FTE's

5836 FTE's

183 FTE's

N/A

Males Unemployment Rate (%):Shoreline ED 9.4%, Coastal county 9.5% and EU NUTS3 8.7% & Females Unemployment Rate (%): Shoreline ED 7.8%, Coastal county 8.4% and EU NUTS3 8.1%

High

High

High

Moderate

High

High

High

High

High

NotRelevant

High

There is significant scope to expand Ireland's aquaculture industry, with increases expected from both convnetional aquaculture and new deep sea salmon farming initiative, amounting to a 78% increase in volume of production by 2020. With increased economic activity, employment in the sector is expected to increase by 2020 (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

Not relevant

N/A

At the coastal county definition level, male unemployment rates range from 6% in Co. Meath to 14% in Co. Donegal while at the Shoreline ED level the range is between a massive 56% for some of the island EDs off Donegal to 1% in a small number of EDs along the coast. The range at the NUTS 3 level is much smaller with only a fluctuation of 4% between the 7 NUTS 3 coastal regions in Ireland. A very similar pattern is evident for females with a variance of 0.6, 1 and 22 at the NUTS 3, Coastal County and shoreline ED definitions respectively.

Exports

Exports

Exports

Exports

Imports and Exports

Population density

Exports from aquaculture were valued at €22.5 million with France remaining the key destination market.

Exports from sea fisheries in 2007 was €200.3 million

Exports from seaweed processing were valued at €280 million in 2007.

Exports of €6.3 million, mainly to the UK, Spain, France, and the US, accounted for a third of the turnover.

Ninety nine percent of Ireland’s total imports and exports by volume and ninety five percent of its value are transported by sea - worth €293,883,000 in 2007

The population density in coastal regions of Ireland, in comparison, is relatively low. This density changes however depending on what definition of the Irish coast one uses. At the EU coast (NUTS3) level of aggregation the population density is 59 inhabitants per km². At the coastal county definition it is 73 inhabitants per km² while at the shoreline ED level it is 79 inhabitants per km². The density of the population increases the more confined the regional definition is to the coastline. Also, the EU coastal area in Ireland, the coastal counties and the shoreline EDs account for 94, 80 and 25 per cent of the national population respectively

€22.5 million euro in 2007

€200.3 million in 2007

€280 million in 2007

€6.3 million in 2007

€294 million in 2007

Population density changes depending on the definition of the Irish coast used. At EU coast (NUTS3) level population density is 59 people per km²; at coastal county level it is 73 people per km² and at shoreline ED level it is 79 people per km².

There remains sizeable gaps in the value of this ecosystem service. Wastewater or other high nutrient runoff is entering marine waters from a variety of point and non point sources which are not accounted for here. Point sources not accounted for include agglomerations with fewer than 500 population equivalent and IPPC licence plants discharging wastewater into marine waters. Non point sources not accounted for include runoff from various land uses and rivers with high nutrient levels entering esturine environments. It was not possible to contribute an overarching evaluation of pressure posed by synthetic and non synthetic compounds and for the report cited a significant gap in the monitoring data pertains to fugitive emissions.

Shellfish aquaculture activities are widely distributed around the coast of Ireland, with particular concentrations in Co. Donegal, Connemara, Co. Galway, West Cork, Co. Waterford, Co. Wexford and Carlingford Lough, Co. Louth. Finfish aquaculture is mainly restricted to the Western seaboard in counties Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry and Cork. Aquaculture activities are currently decreasing with employment figures showing a decrease of 23.89% in the period 2003 to 2007. Projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood processing) set out in Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth (2012) predict an annual turnover of 1,000 million euro by 2020 in these sectors overall. Irish seafood exports increased by 14% in 2010 to €378 million compared with the previous year with a further increase of 13% to €420m in 2011. A Deep Sea Fish Farming project off the west coast of Ireland with a 15,000 tonnes organic salmon production capacity - is being proposed by the state agency BIM (the Irish Sea Fisheries Board) – together with the Marine Institute’s scientific expertise. This one project will double aquaculture production in Ireland in the next 10 years if operationalised. If successful, the first of at least three such proposed projects it is estimated would create 500 jobs (350 direct + 150 in service jobs) and 102 million euro in turnover at today’s salmon value (http://www.seafoodintelligence.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=290).

In 2007, the Irish fishing fleet comprised of 1,700 vessels with a total capacity of 81,600 tonnes and a total engine power of 207,000KW. Fishing communities are distributed around the coast of Ireland, centred particularly around the fishing harbours of Killybegs, Co. Donegal, Ros an Mhil, Co. Galway, An Daingean, Co. Kerry, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Dunmore East Co. Waterford and Howth, Co. Dublin. Landings and turnover for sea-fisheries peaked in 2004 at €270 million. However, due to quota reductions and a decrease in total fishing effort, landings decreased steadily from 2004 to 2007 to €251 milllion. However, turnover from sea-landings increased by 19% from 2003 to 2007. This increase in value is due to the increase in the market price for landings. The 2011 fishing opportunities for the international fleets that operate in the waters around Ireland were 937,924 tonnes of fish, with an estimated landed value of €1.04 billion. Ireland’s share of these fishing opportunities represents 21% by tonnage and 17% (€177 million) by value (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Annual turnover projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood porcessing) is €1,000 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Seafood Processing activities are distributed around the coast of Ireland, but are particularly concentrated around the six commercial fishing harbours of Killybegs, Co. Donegal, Ross a Mhil, Co. Galway, Daingean, Co. Kerry, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Dunmore East, Co. Waterford, and Howth in Co. Dublin. Turnover in seafood processing increased by 8% between 2003 and 2007. However, due to smaller processing plants closing and/or amalgamating, employment in the sector fell by 25% from 2003 - 2007. Projections for Seafood (Fisheries, Aquaculture & Seafood porcessing) set out in the Intergrated Marine Plan for Ireland (launched July 2012) predict annual turnover of €1,000 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Recent news of investment in the seafood processing sector was announced in May 2012. The investment is part of a national investment of €15.5 million, which is supported by grants of €3.2 million under the EU co-funded Seafood Processing Business Investment Scheme. The Scheme is implemented as part of the Irish Seafood Development Programme 2007-2013. These investments by 21 companies are projected to generate over 142 additional jobs and increase sales of value added seafood products of nearly €44 million by 2015. The companies are based in Wexford, Dublin, Cork, Donegal, Galway, Louth and Kerry (BIM, 2012).

Marine biotechnology, the extraction of value added products and processes from marine organisms, finds economic applications in novel drug development, bio medical devices, food ingredients and industrial chemicals. Ireland’s emerging marine biotechnology industry is diverse, spanning different industry sectors and contributing to an array of novel products and processes. Seaweed harvesting takes place around the coast of Ireland, with particular concentrations in Co. Galway, Co. Donegal, Co. Sligo, Co. Kerry, and Co. Cork. Turnover in marine biotechnology and bioproducts production and products doubled between 2003 and 2007 due to a number of new entrants into the seaweed market. The seaweed-based biotechnology category has seen a significant increase in growth as demand for seaweed-based products and derivatives increase both in Ireland and abroad. Projections for Marine ICT and Biotechnology predict annual turnover of >€61 million by 2020 in this sector (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Marine biotechnology is expected to be one of the major technologies of the 21st century, suitable to address the societal “grand challenges” of health, food and energy. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products are taking the largest share of the markets, followed by consumer products such as food, beverages, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The high-growth industry sectors of pharmaceuticals, biopharma, medical devices, advanced materials, food and food ingredients have a strong presence in Ireland; and have become increasingly research intensive. Ireland’s seaweed industry is valued at approximately €18m per annum, processing 36,000 tonnes of seaweed (entirely from wild resources) and employing 185 people. There is a significant global market for seaweed, with a total output reaching 15.8 million tonnes in 2008, valued at approximately €5.4 billion (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

As of October 2012 there are 7 x 3.6 MW offshore turbines in place in the southern Irish Sea. This site is licensed for a total maximium output of 520MW. A further 1100MW is also licensed within a site in the eastern Irish Sea but to date no development has taken place. The offshore wind energy industry is, in the main, non-indigenous and importing technology know-how and equipment to harness Ireland’s natural wind energy resource. The Irish wave and tidal energy industry is a mainly indigenous, knowledge-based and highly innovative group of companies primarily focussing on the pre-commercial design stage. In 2007, there were eight companies actively involved in the design, development, testing and deployment of marine renewable energy devices in Ireland. Activity in the marine renewables category increased significantly between 2003 and 2007, particularly in terms of investment and employment. Investment from both Irish and International companies increased from €18 million in 2003 to €101 million in 2007. Employment increased ten fold from 10 FTE in 2003 to 101 FTE in 2007. Ireland’s offshore wind, waves and tides have the potential in the future to offer a source of clean, green, renewable energy along with new commercial opportunities (services), provided the technologies become commercially viable. Ocean energy represents perhaps the greatest economic opportunity this island faces over the next 20 years and it’s up to us to exploit and ensure that we realise all of the potential benefits. Energy policy priorities in Ireland are framed in the context of the European energy policy. Under the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC, Ireland is committed to ensure that by 2020, at least 16% of all energy consumed in the state is from renewable sources, with a sub-target of 10% in the transport sector. The Sustainable Energy Act 2002 aims to promote and assist the development of sustainable energy. The Irish government has also set a target of 40% of electricity production to come from renewable sources by 2020 (http://www.seai.ie/Renewables/Ocean_Energy/Ocean_Energy_Information_Research/Ocean_Energy_Publications/SQW_Economics_Study.pdf). Our renewable energy resources, both onshore and offshore, are significantly greater than the national energy requirement. Ireland’s onshore wind, offshore wind and ocean energy resources are an export opportunity. As set out in the Strategy for Renewable Energy 2012-2020, the Government is committed to working with the UK Government, under the auspices of the British Irish Council, and with the European Commission and Member States in the context of the North Sea Offshore Grid Initiative, to create the framework and conditions for renewable energy export. Future potential for offshore renewable energy is considered to be very significant (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Ireland has been a producer of gas since the discovery of gas reserves in Kinsale, Co. Cork in 1971. The Oil and Gas industry in Ireland is made up of two sub-categories, oil and gas exploration and, the extraction and production of gas. Companies involved in the extraction and production of gas in Ireland are based in Cork and Dublin. However, the companies that provide services to the gas production companies are located across Ireland. Over the last 40 years 129 exploration wells have been drilled, mainly off the south coast. Total investment to-date by the private sector in exploration activity is estimated at approximately €3 billion, resulting in four commercial discoveries (three off Cork and one at Corrib off Mayo). Ireland’s offshore gas resources currently supply about 5% of the economy’s gas demand. Turnover from hydrocarbon exploration increased significantly between 2003 and 2007 (43.8%). This is primarily due to the discovery of gas reserves off Belmullet, Co. Mayo in 1999 and the subsequent and on-going development of the Corrib gas field by the Corrib consortium. Projections for Ports & Maritime Transport Services, Maritime Manufacturing, Engineering, Offshore Oil & Gas and other marine industries as set out in the Intergrated Marine Plan for Ireland (launched July 2012) predict annual turnover of €1,200 million by 2020 for these sectors combined (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Ireland’s offshore Atlantic margin is estimated to hold substantial ‘potential, yet-to-find’ hydrocarbon reserves of some 10 billion barrels of oil equivalent (including gas). Extensive exploration drilling will be required to test this estimated potential (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Despite a fiscal system aimed at encouraging industry, successful exploration off Ireland‘s shores has been among the lowest in the world. The report from the Oireachtas Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture said tax on future offshore oil and gas profits should be set at a minimum of 40 per cent, rising to a maximum of 80 per cent. The principal benefit to the economy from the offshore oil and gas sector arises from producing fields in terms of the direct return to the Exchequer in the form of taxation and the strengthening of Ireland’s security of energy supply. Commencement of production from the Corrib gas field, currently forecast for late 2014, will be an important milestone in this regard, producing the equivalent of up to 60-65% of domestic demand for natural gas in its early years. The precise value of this will depend on the price of gas at that time. The long-term aim of the sectoral strategy of promoting the opportunity to invest in exploration in the Irish offshore is to achieve new commercial discoveries leading to new development projects. In the short to medium-term, this strategy can help generate increased activity levels for support services for offshore operations (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

The majority of shipping activity occurs around the nine commercial ports on the coast of Ireland; Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Dundalk, Dun Laoghaire, Galway, New Ross, Foynes and Wicklow. Companies providing port and maritime services are located across the nine main commercial ports in Ireland. Turnover and employment increased significantly between 2003 and 2007 in the shipping and maritime category. Turnover increased by 52% and employment by 9%. This was a direct result of the buoyant economic conditions that prevailed during this period and the resulting strong export of goods and increased imports into Ireland. After a relatively strong start to 2011, the majority of ports witnessed a slowdown in bulk volumes in the second half of 2011 compared to 2010, with only three ports showing bulk volume growth in the fourth quarter of 2011. This decline can be mainly attributed to the global slowdown which affected demand in the domestic economy. Passenger volumes on the Island of Ireland in 2011 was 4.6 million which was influenced by the Icelandic ash cloud crisis in April 2010 which saw passenger numbers increase by 13% and meant an extra 150,000 passengers being accommodated in 2010. Projections for Ports & Maritime Transport Services, Maritime Manufacturing, Engineering, Offshore Oil & Gas and other marine industries predict annual turnover of €1,200 million by 2020 for these sectors combined (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). The volume of shipping and port traffic through the Republic of Ireland declined in the first quarter of 2012 according to the figures released by the Irish Maritime Development Office. Imports fell by 2% in the first quarter.This represents the 17th consecutive quarter of declining import volumes. The Irish Ports and Shipping sector is heavily influenced by events globally. As the stability of the European economy remains fragile, uncertainty for Irish consumers and businesses will inevitably persist, which will be clearly reflected in freight volumes passing through Irish ports (http://www.imdo.ie/IMDO/newsroom/top-news-story.htm). Ireland is critically dependent on maritime shipping and ports and the services they provide. Sea-based transport accounted for 99% of the total volume (45 million tonnes) and 95% of the total value (€128 billion) of the goods traded (imports/ exports) through Irish ports in 2010 (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Marine based tourism and water-based activities are available all along the coast of Ireland. However, approximately 33% of water based activity companies are found in the South-West, in Cork and Kerry. Included in marine based tourism is the Irish cruise industry - it is still embryonic compared to its European counterparts. Expenditure by cruise passengers disembarking at Irish ports increased between 2003 and 2007. This is due to a higher number of cruise liners stopping at Irish ports and a general upward increase in global tourism expenditure. Main ports of call for cruise liners include Dublin, Cork, Waterford and Galway. Turnover from marine based tourism increased by an estimated 62% between 2003 and 2007. This increase in water-based tourism was as a result of a general increase in tourism during this period. It also represents the increase in water-based activity operators in Ireland, particularly charter fishing, surfing, sailing, sea kayaking and diving activities during this period. A total of 130 liners docked at Irish ports in 2007, carrying 102,000 passengers. The average number of passengers on board each liner was 787. A report commissioned by the Port of Cork estimated that the average spend per disembarking cruise passenger was €443.5 in 2007 which equates to an estimated €45.3 million in total cruise liner related expenditure in Ireland. There were over 200 large cruise vessel calls to Ireland carrying 308,811 passenger and crew in 2011. The Cruise business has doubled the number of visitors in just over 7 years when there were 142 cruise calls to Irish ports in 2004 with 146,198 passengers and crew. Predicted annual turnover for Marine and Coastal Tourism and Leisure (including cruise tourism) is €1,500 million by 2020 (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012). Water-based tourism and leisure is the largest single contributor to the Irish ocean economy and has historically been an important sector for the Irish economy in general. The Irish tourism industry contributed an estimated €6.45 billion to the Irish economy in 2007. Marine tourism and leisure accounts for 7% of this figure. Irish sea-angling has a well-established international market. In peak season – April to October, Failte Ireland estimate that 50% to 60% of business may be from overseas clients. However, after years of growth, visitor numbers from key overseas markets in recent years, most notably Britain and the US, have declined significantly, due to a number of factors, including adverse exchange rates. And it’s not certain yet what will happen over the next couple of years. It may be a number of years before we get back to 2007 levels for overseas visits and the improvement, when it comes, will most likely be gradual and from 2011 figures at best. The number of cruise ship passenger and crew travelling to Ireland has increased by over 200% in the last decade from 64,376 to 204,489. This growth has come about through both an increase in the number of cruise ship visits and in the number of vessels with a higher passenger capacity. If future trends reflect recent experiences, the Irish cruise market has potential for substantial growth in the coming years. Failte Ireland is preparing a policy paper to provide insights and direction for its work in this area (Failte Ireland, c. 2010)

Marine research is carried out by 16 institutes across the State (7 universities, 7 Institutes of Technologies and 2 other third level institutes), a number of public agencies (namely the Marine Institute and BIM) and by industry. However, spatial clusters have emerged in Galway (around the Marine Institute and NUI Galway) and University College Cork. In 2007, Irish marine research received €22.7 million in funding. Approximately 90% of this funding was granted to third level and public sector agencies. The remaining 10% was either grant aided to industry or the industry’s own contribution. Type of Research Award: • Capacity Building • Infrastructure • Project-Based • Industry-Led • Education & Training The research area of Seabed and Resource Mapping received the highest amount of state funding in 2007 (22%). Ocean climate change and Robotic Platforms received the next highest at 8% and 7% of total funding respectively. Sea-bed mapping research was linked to the INFOMER project, which produced the first comprehensive sea-bed surveys in Irish waters. Research and innovation clusters also support economic growth and job creation. In Ireland a number of marine clusters/networks have emerged in recent years e.g. Irish Maritime Energy & Research Cluster (IMERC), the Socio-Economc Marine Research Unit (SEMRU) and SmartOcean Innovation Cluster. This approach brings together SMEs, educational and research institutes to add value and competitiveness within Ireland. In the context of a national strategy to maximise the potential of the ocean energy resource, the IMERC project (University College Cork, the Cork Institute of Technology, and the Irish Naval Service) have the ambition to develop a world leading research and education centre for marine energy, maritime security and safety, shipping logistics and transport and marine recreation. Opportunities for economic growth through marine research (notably seafood, marine functional foods, marine renewable energy and ICT applications in the marine environment) are clearly recognised in the Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group, adopted by Government in March 2012. This Report, which seeks to accelerate the delivery of economic outcomes from public investment in science, technology and innovation, also identifies the need for investment in underpinning research, integrated infrastructure and research in support of policy (Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group, 2012).

Estuarine and coastal waters host ecosystems which dilute and assimilate discharged wastewater around the island of Ireland. Most of the this service is provided close to population centres in the East and Southern part of the island. It is estimated that 60% of the wastewater in the state is discharged to marine waters after treatment to various levels. Investment of €3.2 billion between 2000 and 2010 in providing secondary wastewater treatment will lower the value of this ecosystem service. While 77% of agglomerations over 500 within the state has secondary wastewater treatement only 54% of coastal agglomerations over 500 have the same level of treament. However with the population expected to increase by 1.2 million from 2011 to 2021 the value of coastal ecosystems in treating wastewater could increase. Wastewater is generally treated to a higher standard before being discharged to marine waters in the eastern half of the state compared to the western half of the state. Trends to date suggest that the value of this ecosystem service has decreased as there has been increased investment and levels of treatment of wastewater prior to discharge. From 2001 to 2009, secondary wastewater treatment or better increased throughout the state from 29% to 93% based on Population Equivalent. For coastal waters, it is estimated that 91% of wastewater is now treated to secondary treatment levels based on PE. EPA (2012) identifies 11 urban agglomerations which require secondary treatment, all of which currently discharge to marine waters. Further compliance with UWWT Directive and WFD will lead to a reduction in the value of the wastewater treatment ecosystem service value.

The definition of Ireland’s coastal region and coastal economy is drawn up on the basis of a tiered approach of geography extending inland from the shorelines of the oceans and seas surrounding the Republic of Ireland: Shoreline Electoral Districts: establishments or population located in an electoral district (ED) that is immediately adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. Of the 3400 EDs in the country, 628 are Shoreline Electoral Districts. Coastal County: establishments or population located in a county that has a shoreline of any length adjacent to an ocean or sea, included estuaries and bays. 15 of the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland are Coastal Counties. European NUTS 3 Coastal Region: a standard statistical regions (EU NUTS level 3), where at least half of the population is within 50 km of the shoreline. This is the Eurostat definition of a coastal region and in the Irish case would include 7 of the 8 NUTS 3 regions in Ireland, the Border, the West, Dublin, the Mid-East, the Mid-West, the South East and the South West.In Ireland NUTS 3 level regions are represented by grouped counties.This includes most of the area of Ireland except for four counties in the centre. In terms of economic activity in Irish coastal areas, agriculture, fishing and tourism are obviously key components especially outside the main urban centres in the coastal zone. The importance of primary agriculture to the Irish economy has reduced in recent years, in line with the trend in all industrialised countries. Nonetheless, it remains important, accounting for 2.3% of GDP at factor cost, in 2006. Furthermore, the Agri-Food industry is one of the country’s largest home-grown industries accounting for an 8.1% share of GDP (Hynes and Farrelly, 2012).

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