Member State report / Art8 / 2018 / D9 / Lithuania / Baltic Sea

Report type Member State report to Commission
MSFD Article Art. 8 Initial assessment (and Art. 17 updates)
Report due 2018-10-15
GES Descriptor D9 Contaminants in seafood
Member State Lithuania
Region/subregion Baltic Sea
Reported by Environmental Protection Agency
Report date 2020-06-09
Report access msfd2018-ART8_GES_04-07-corrected_06-04.xml

LT marine waters (all marine waters) (BAL-LT-MS-01)

GES component
D9
D9
D9
D9
D9
D9
D9
D9
Feature
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Contaminants - in seafood
Element
Cadmium and its compounds
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (12 PCB-DLs: 77,81,105,114,118,123,126,156,157,167,169,189)
Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (12 PCB-DLs: 77,81,105,114,118,123,126,156,157,167,169,189)
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (7 PCDDs + 10 PCDFs + 12 PCB-DLs)
Lead and its compounds
Mercury and its compounds
Non-dioxin like PCB (sum of 6 PCB: 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180)
Non-dioxin like PCB (sum of 6 PCB: 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180)
Element code
CAS_7440-43-9
EEA_33-54-5
EEA_33-54-5
EEA_33-58-9
CAS_7439-92-1
CAS_7439-97-6
SCB6
SCB6
Element code source
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Eutrophication (D5) and contaminants (D8-D9) http://dd.eionet.europa.eu/vocabulary/wise/ObservedProperty/view
Undefined
Undefined
Element 2
Platichthys flesus
Clupea harengus
Clupea harengus
Clupea harengus
Platichthys flesus
Platichthys flesus
Clupea harengus
Clupea harengus
Element 2 code
127141
126417
126417
126417
127141
127141
126417
126417
Element 2 code source
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Undefined
Element source
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
EU
Criterion
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
D9C1
Parameter
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Other
Parameter other
CONC-B-MU
CONC-B-LI
CONC-B-MU
CONC-B-MU
CONC-B-MU
CONC-B-MU
CONC-B-LI
CONC-B-MU
Threshold value upper
0.05
20.0
6.5
3.5
0.3
0.5
200.0
0.075
Threshold value lower
Threshold qualitative
Threshold value source
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Regulation on contaminants in foodstuffs (EC 1881/2006)
Threshold value source other
Value achieved upper
0.05
57.75
8.45
4.25
0.3
0.5
287.0
0.03
Value achieved lower
0.16
0.025
0.006
Value unit
milligram per kilogram of wet weight
picogram per gram of wet weight
picogram per gram of wet weight
picogram per gram of wet weight
milligram per kilogram of wet weight
milligram per kilogram of wet weight
microgram per kilogram of wet weight
milligram per kilogram of wet weight
Value unit other
Proportion threshold value
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Proportion value achieved
100.0
98.0
98.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Proportion threshold value unit
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
% of samples achieving threshold value
Trend
Stable
Stable
Improving
Improving
Stable
Stable
Stable
Stable
Parameter achieved
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Description parameter
Studies from 2012 to 2017 show a good condition, as the cadmium concentrations detected in the samples never exceeded the MRL (0.05 mg / kg wet weight). However, the number of replicates is very small: in the study period (2012-2017) only one sample was analyzed each year from the marine waters belonging to Lithuania, and in 2014. no studies were performed at all.
The MRL for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 20 pg/g and one cod liver sample was tested in 2017 where the MRL was exceeded more than twice (57,75 pg/g).
Studies from 2012 to 2017 show that the MRL for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle was exceeded in one case (2015) but was below the MRL in all other cases. Compared to the previous evaluation period (2004-2011), the status has improved, i.e. a trend towards lower levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles is observed. Muscle values varied between 0.16 and 8.45 pg/g over the study period, with an average of 2.65 pg/g. In comparison with the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the status remained stable (good).
Between 2012 and 2017, a total of 49 fish muscle samples were analysed (between 5 and 12 samples each year) with average dioxin levels below the MRL (except for one case in 2015). Muscle values in fish varied from 0.025 to 4.25 pg/g, with an average of 1.26 pg/g. In comparison to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the status improved by showing a downward trend in dioxin levels.
The results of the studies from 2012 to 2017 show a good status as the levels of lead found in the samples never exceeded the MRL (0,3 mg/kg wet weight). However, the number of replicates is very small: in the study period (2012-2017) one or two samples from Lithuanian marine waters were analyzed.
From studies carried out during the period 2014-2017, mercury levels in fish muscle samples were below the MRL.
The MRL for non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 200 μg / kg, in Lithuania in 2012-2017. One sample of cod liver liver in which the amount of non-dioxin-like PCBs exceeded the MRL (287 μg / kg) was tested during the period.
The sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle samples must not exceed 75 μg / kg (or 0.075 mg / kg) of fish muscle wet weight. For European eels, the MRL is 300 μg / kg, but no non-dioxin-like PCB studies have been performed in eels in Lithuania. 2011 the total amount of non-dioxin-like PCBs was not evaluated, individual PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) were evaluated at levels below the then established limit of quantification (<0.01 mg / kg d.w.). Since 2012 the total amount of non-dioxin-like PCBs is assessed, the values of which indicate good status, as the MRLs were never exceeded. Muscle muscle values varied from <0.006 to 0.03 mg / kg during the study period, with a mean of 0.01 mg / kg. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation remained stable (good).
Related indicator
Criteria status
Good
Not good
Not good
Not good
Good
Good
Not good
Not good
Description criteria
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011).
Element status
Good
Not good
Not good
Not good
Good
Good
Not good
Not good
Description element
The cadmium content of fish muscle samples shall not exceed 0,05 mg/kg wet weight. For European eel the MRLs are higher at 0,10 mg/kg, but no cadmium studies in eel have been carried out in Lithuania. Studies from 2012 to 2017 show a good status as the samples contained cadmium levels below the MRL or the limit of quantification. The status remained stable (good) compared to the previous evaluation period (2006-2011). Cadmium studies have been carried out in plaice, rodent and cod.
From 2012, the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle samples shall not exceed 6,5 pg/g wet weight. For European eel the MRLs were also reduced by 10,0 pg/g (instead of 12 pg/g) but no testing of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in eel was carried out in Lithuania. Studies from 2012 to 2017 show that the MRL for muscle was exceeded in one case (2015) but not in all other cases. Compared to the previous evaluation period (2004-2011), the status has improved, i.e. a trend towards lower levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles is observed. The MRL for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 20 pg/g and one cod liver sample was tested in 2017 where the MRL was exceeded more than twice (57,75 pg/g). Tests for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs were carried out in herring, salmon, plaice, spawning, cod, picked.
From 2012, the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle samples shall not exceed 6,5 pg/g wet weight. For European eel the MRLs were also reduced by 10,0 pg/g (instead of 12 pg/g) but no testing of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in eel was carried out in Lithuania. Studies from 2012 to 2017 show that the MRL for muscle was exceeded in one case (2015) but not in all other cases. Compared to the previous evaluation period (2004-2011), the status has improved, i.e. a trend towards lower levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles is observed. The MRL for the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 20 pg/g and one cod liver sample was tested in 2017 where the MRL was exceeded more than twice (57,75 pg/g). Tests for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs were carried out in herring, salmon, plaice, spawning, cod, picked.
From 2012, the sum of dioxins in fish muscle samples shall not exceed 3,5 pg/g wet weight. Between 2012 and 2017, a total of 49 fish muscle samples were analysed (between 5 and 12 samples each year) with average levels below the MRL (except in 2015) and compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the status improved by showing a downward trend in dioxin levels. Tests for dioxins have been carried out in herring, salmon, plaice, spawning, cod, capped.
The lead content of fish muscle samples shall not exceed 0,3 mg/kg wet weight. The results of the studies from 2012 to 2017 show a good status as the levels found in the samples never exceeded the MRLs. The status remained stable (good) compared to the previous evaluation period (2006-2011). For lead, studies were carried out on plaice, rodent and cod.
The mercury content of fish muscle samples shall not exceed 0,5 mg/kg of fish muscle wet weight. For European eel, MRLs are higher at 1.0 mg/kg, but no mercury studies in eel have been carried out in Lithuania. The results of the studies carried out between 2014 and 2017 show a good status as samples show a maximum level of mercury of 0,1 mg/kg wet weight and are below the MRL. The status remained stable (good) compared to the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Studies on mercury have been carried out in plaice, rodent and cod.
The sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle samples shall not exceed 75 μg/kg (or 0,075 mg/kg) of fish muscle weight. The MRL for European eel is 300 μg/kg, but no testing of non-dioxin-like PCBs in eel has been carried out in Lithuania. In 2011, the total sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs was not evaluated, and individual PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) were evaluated at levels below the then established limit of quantification (<0,01 mg/kg d.sv.). From 2012 onwards, the total amount of non-dioxin-like PCBs for which values indicate good status shall be assessed as the MRLs have never been exceeded. The status remained stable (good) compared to the previous evaluation period (2004-2011). The MRL for the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 200 μg/kg, one sample of cod liver was analysed in Lithuania between 2012 and 2017 in which the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs exceeded the MRL (287 μg/kg). Tests for non-dioxin-like PCBs have been carried out in striyme, salmon, plaice, spawning, cod, picked.
The sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscle samples shall not exceed 75 μg/kg (or 0,075 mg/kg) of fish muscle weight. The MRL for European eel is 300 μg/kg, but no testing of non-dioxin-like PCBs in eel has been carried out in Lithuania. In 2011, the total sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs was not evaluated, and individual PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) were evaluated at levels below the then established limit of quantification (<0,01 mg/kg d.sv.). From 2012 onwards, the total amount of non-dioxin-like PCBs for which values indicate good status shall be assessed as the MRLs have never been exceeded. The status remained stable (good) compared to the previous evaluation period (2004-2011). The MRL for the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs in fish liver is 200 μg/kg, one sample of cod liver was analysed in Lithuania between 2012 and 2017 in which the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs exceeded the MRL (287 μg/kg). Tests for non-dioxin-like PCBs have been carried out in striyme, salmon, plaice, spawning, cod, picked.
Integration rule type parameter
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
OOAO
Integration rule description parameter
Integration rule type criteria
Integration rule description criteria
GES extent threshold
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
GES extent achieved
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
GES extent unit
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
Proportion of substances in good status
GES achieved
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
GES expected to be achieved later than 2020, Article 14 exception reported
Description overall status
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Between 2012 and 2017, of the 6 groups of pollutants analysed, three (sum of dioxins, sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs) identified one to two cases where the MRLs were exceeded. Compared to the previous assessment period (2004-2011), the situation has improved due to a downward trend in the concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish muscles. Since 2012 the total amount of all non-dioxin-like PCBs investigated and the sample increased. Data from heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury - showed good status, as in the previous evaluation period (2007-2011). Based on the results of the assessment for each element, the results of the OOAO principle are integrated for the marine area at the criterion level (D9C1).
Assessments period
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
2012-2017
Related pressures
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events
Related targets
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7