AnalysisCharactTrend

ESAIndicatorProduction

ESAIndicatorValue

ESAIndicatorEmployment

AnalysisCostDegradation

1995-2040

1995-2040

1995-2040

1995-2040

2010-2010

Water Accounts Approach as described in the guidance document of the working group ESA + Baseline scenario's

Water Accounts Approach as described in the guidance document of the working group ESA + Baseline scenario's

Water Accounts Approach as described in the guidance document of the working group ESA + Baseline scenario's

Water Accounts Approach as described in the guidance document of the working group ESA + Baseline scenario's

'Cost Based Approach as described in the guidance document of the working group ESA'

Ports

RenewableEnergy

Shipping

TourismRecreation

Defence

Dredging

Fisheries

LandClaimDefence

MiningSandGravel

OilGas

ResearchSurvey

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

The development of wind energy at sea is very uncertain. By the end of 2009, permits for a total of 3,250 Megawatt (MW) had been issued, of which approximately 700 MW will be realised before 2020 (three wind farms). Future developments of wind energy at sea depend, among others, on the extent to which this form of energy can compete with other forms of energy generation.

Shipping is also of major economic importance to the Netherlands. In 2007, this sector represented an added value of 1.2 billion euros. Employment in shipping totals approximately 6,000 FTEs, approximately 60% of total employment for all use at sea. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of shipping in particular will increase as a result of the expected increase in goods flows.

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

- research into the effect of underwater noise -technical measures on board ships

-storage of polluted salty dredging sludge on land instead of spreading it out onto the seabed

Profit margins in the fishing industry are expected to come under pressure from higher costs in the sector. This is expected to result in declining added value and employment. Contrary to this expectation, which is based on CPB scenarios and which concerns the fishing industry as a whole, the Productschap Vis (Dutch Fish Product Board) expects production values of the main commercial fish species in the North Sea (sole and plaice, as well as herring and mackerel) to increase as a result of MSY management

-environmental impact statements -nature compensation -monitoring the effect on the North Sea environment -excluding fisheries in the Maasvlakte 2 and nature compensation area -implementing and enforcing the above measures

Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance sand extraction in particular will increase as a result of the expected intensification of sand suppletion after 2020 to protect against rising sea levels.

The oil and gas recovery sector has the highest added value of all uses in the Dutch North Sea (5.9 billion euros in 2007). Also noteworthy is the relatively significant increase in production value of oil and gas recovery. This can in part be explained by the sharp price increases in this period. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau , Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of oil and gas sector will decrease due to the exhaustion of production fields.

75-100%

75-100%

75-100%

75-100%

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

75-100%

Unknown_NotAssessed

75-100%

75-100%

Unknown_NotAssessed

High

High

High

High

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

High

NotRelevant

High

High

NotRelevant

2-digit SBI'93 codes: 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 45, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64

4000 (NACE Rev1)

6110 (NACE Rev1)

2-digit SBI'93 codes: 05, 52, 55, 92

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

0501, 0502 (NACE Rev 1)

NotRelevant

1421 (NACE Rev1)

1110, 1120 (NACE Rev1)

NotRelevant

NotReported

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Increasing

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

NotReported

Unknown_NotAssessed

Increasing

NotReported

Unknown_NotAssessed

1995-2007

2007-2007

1995-2007

1995-2007

-

-

1995-2007

-

1995-2007

1995-2007

-

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Increase

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Increase

Decrease

Unknown_NotAssessed

-

-

2015-2040

-

-

-

-

-

2015-2040

2015-2040

-

Recent trend is not unambiguous: Production value is increasing, value added is increasing, employment is decreasing. Therefore Unknown/Not Assessed was entered here as option. Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Recent trend is not unambiguous: Production value is increasing, value added is increasing, employment is decreasing. Therefore Unknown/Not Assessed was entered here as option. Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Recent trend is not unambiguous: Production value increased in the period 1995-2007, value added and employment decreased in the same period. Therefore Unknown/Not Assessed was entered here as option. Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Recent trend is not unambiguous: Production value is increasing, value added is increasing, employment is decreasing. Therefore Unknown/Not Assessed was entered here as option. Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

The development of wind energy at sea is very uncertain. By the end of 2009, permits for a total of 3,250 Megawatt (MW) had been issued, of which approximately 700 MW will be realised before 2020 (three wind farms). Future developments of wind energy at sea depend, among others, on the extent to which this form of energy can compete with other forms of energy generation.

Shipping is also of major economic importance to the Netherlands. In 2007, this sector represented an added value of 1.2 billion euros. Employment in shipping totals approximately 6,000 FTEs, approximately 60% of total employment for all use at sea. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of shipping in particular will increase as a result of the expected increase in goods flows.

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

Profit margins in the fishing industry are expected to come under pressure from higher costs in the sector. This is expected to result in declining added value and employment. Contrary to this expectation, which is based on CPB scenarios and which concerns the fishing industry as a whole, the Productschap Vis (Dutch Fish Product Board) expects production values of the main commercial fish species in the North Sea (sole and plaice, as well as herring and mackerel) to increase as a result of MSY management

Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance sand extraction in particular will increase as a result of the expected intensification of sand suppletion after 2020 to protect against rising sea levels.

The oil and gas recovery sector has the highest added value of all uses in the Dutch North Sea (5.9 billion euros in 2007). Also noteworthy is the relatively significant increase in production value of oil and gas recovery. This can in part be explained by the sharp price increases in this period. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau , Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of oil and gas sector will decrease due to the exhaustion of production fields.

Production value (€ million) €32.793 (1995) €49.211 (2000) €80.159 (2007)

Production value (x mln) €23 (2007)

Production value (€ million) €2.626 (1995) €3.689 (2000) €4.588 (2007)

Production value (€ million) €1.810 (1995) €2.426 (2000) €2.901 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Production value (x mln) €102 (1995) €111 (2000) €113 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Production value (x mln) €33 (1995) €57 (2000) €69 (2007)

Production value (x mln) € 2.692 (1995) € 4.306 (2000) € 7.644 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

High

High

High

High

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

High

NotRelevant

High

High

NotRelevant

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

The development of wind energy at sea is very uncertain. By the end of 2009, permits for a total of 3,250 Megawatt (MW) had been issued, of which approximately 700 MW will be realised before 2020 (three wind farms). Future developments of wind energy at sea depend, among others, on the extent to which this form of energy can compete with other forms of energy generation.

Shipping is also of major economic importance to the Netherlands. In 2007, this sector represented an added value of 1.2 billion euros. Employment in shipping totals approximately 6,000 FTEs, approximately 60% of total employment for all use at sea. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of shipping in particular will increase as a result of the expected increase in goods flows.

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

Profit margins in the fishing industry are expected to come under pressure from higher costs in the sector. This is expected to result in declining added value and employment. Contrary to this expectation, which is based on CPB scenarios and which concerns the fishing industry as a whole, the Productschap Vis (Dutch Fish Product Board) expects production values of the main commercial fish species in the North Sea (sole and plaice, as well as herring and mackerel) to increase as a result of MSY management

Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance sand extraction in particular will increase as a result of the expected intensification of sand suppletion after 2020 to protect against rising sea levels.

The oil and gas recovery sector has the highest added value of all uses in the Dutch North Sea (5.9 billion euros in 2007). Also noteworthy is the relatively significant increase in production value of oil and gas recovery. This can in part be explained by the sharp price increases in this period. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau , Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of oil and gas sector will decrease due to the exhaustion of production fields.

Value added (€ million) €10.198 (1995) €11.510 (2000) €17.806 (2007)

Added value (x mln) €11 (2007)

Added value (€ million) €630 (1995) €927 (2000) €1.208 (2007)

Value added (€ million) €955 (1995) €1.265 (2000) €1.447 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Value added (x mln) €61 (1995) €58 (2000) €45 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Value added (x mln) €9 (1995) €15 (2000) €17 (2007)

Added value (x mln) € 2.112 (1995) € 3.313 (2000) € 5.866 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

High

High

High

High

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

High

NotRelevant

High

High

NotRelevant

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

The development of wind energy at sea is very uncertain. By the end of 2009, permits for a total of 3,250 Megawatt (MW) had been issued, of which approximately 700 MW will be realised before 2020 (three wind farms). Future developments of wind energy at sea depend, among others, on the extent to which this form of energy can compete with other forms of energy generation.

Shipping is also of major economic importance to the Netherlands. In 2007, this sector represented an added value of 1.2 billion euros. Employment in shipping totals approximately 6,000 FTEs, approximately 60% of total employment for all use at sea. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of shipping in particular will increase as a result of the expected increase in goods flows.

The total added value of directly sea-related economic activities on land amounted to approximately 19 billion euros in 2007. Of the land-based activities with a direct relation to the North Sea, the sea ports are of major economic importance. A little over half the added value of activities in the sea ports is generated in the port of Rotterdam. The Dutch sea ports also are hubs for international flows of goods, as well as business locations for industry and service organisations. Other activities in the coastal zone, such as tourism and recreation, are also of economic importance. Many economic activities depend on the North Sea in a more indirect manner, such as inland shipping and other transport activities, as well as fish-processing, the trade in ship's parts, etc. This indirect value, which is approximately 50% of the direct value, has not been included in Table 1 of the Marine Strategy. Where the indirect value is included, the total economic value in 2007 of the economic sectors described here is as follows: production value 124 billion euros, added value 35 billion euros and employment 246,000 FTEs. By way of comparison, this is approximately 7% of the total added value of the Dutch economy as a whole and 5% of employment.

Profit margins in the fishing industry are expected to come under pressure from higher costs in the sector. This is expected to result in declining added value and employment. Contrary to this expectation, which is based on CPB scenarios and which concerns the fishing industry as a whole, the Productschap Vis (Dutch Fish Product Board) expects production values of the main commercial fish species in the North Sea (sole and plaice, as well as herring and mackerel) to increase as a result of MSY management

Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance sand extraction in particular will increase as a result of the expected intensification of sand suppletion after 2020 to protect against rising sea levels.

The oil and gas recovery sector has the highest added value of all uses in the Dutch North Sea (5.9 billion euros in 2007). Also noteworthy is the relatively significant increase in production value of oil and gas recovery. This can in part be explained by the sharp price increases in this period. Based on the most recent publication Welvaart en Leefomgeving (Prosperity and the Living Environment) of the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and the Milieu- en Natuurplanbureau , Ecorys formulated a baseline scenario, estimating how the production value, added value and employment in various sectors directly or indirectly dependent on the North Sea will develop until 2040. Based on interviews with the different sectors, Ecorys adjusted this information to take into account the consequences of the economic crisis as they were known in 2010. This analysis shows that the economic importance of oil and gas sector will decrease due to the exhaustion of production fields.

Employment (x1000 Fte) 126 (1995) 123 (2000) 121 (2007)

Employment (Fte) PM (2007)

Employment (fte) 7000 (1995) 7000 (2000) 6000 (2007)

Employment (x 1000 fte) 23 (1995) 24 (2000) 25 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Unknown_NotAssessed

Employment (fte) 500 (1995) 300 (2000) 200 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

Employment (fte) 110 (1995) 195 (2000) 154 (2007)

Employment (Fte) 3.000 (1995) 2.800 (2005) 2.800 (2007)

Unknown_NotAssessed

High

High

High

High

NotRelevant

NotRelevant

High

NotRelevant

High

High

NotRelevant

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Some remarks need to be made, however. The division into sectors was also used for the analysis of the costs associated with counteracting the damage to the marine environment (see section 2.5) and is in accordance with international agreements on handling statistics from Eurostat and the United Nations. By using this classification, data can be compared at an international level, which benefits international collaboration and analyses. The drawback to this classification, however, is that the leisure industry is not recognisable as a separate sector, but is covered by multiple sectors. It should also be stressed that the figures only relate to the Dutch part of the North Sea; this causes some bias. The study by the LEI Agricultural Economics Research Institute, for example, shows that some 21% of the total fishing yield comes from the Dutch part of the North Sea. This percentage has been included in Table 1. Employment figures relate to the number of FTEs. For fisheries, this means that total employment is being underestimated; in reality, the figure is much higher due to the large number of self-employed persons. According to Statistics Netherlands, self-employed persons represented 56% of total employment in the 'agriculture, forestry and fisheries' sector in 2007 (on a national scale, 12% of all employed persons are self-employed). Moreover, the data presented here relate to businesses registered in the Netherlands, which can be easily added to the figures of other North Sea states to calculate totals for the North Sea. Foreign companies, such as international shipping firms, carriers and fishermen who earn their money on the Dutch North Sea and its ports have not been included. Finally, the geographical delineation of the analyses excludes certain companies whose (head) office is located outside the coastal zone (such as NAM in Assen).

Main pressures arise from land reclamation and dredging for navigational purpose.

The pressures related to wind energy differ during the construction phase, the operational phase and the decommissioning phase. Nedwell & Howell (2004) used four phases to assess the acoustic implications of offshore windfarms: Pre-construction Include geophysical and geotechnical survey, meteorological mast installation and an increase in vessel traffic. Vessel traffic will increase in the vicinity of a windfarm before its construction and continue through to decommissioning. Construction One of the most significant activities during windfarm construction is foundation installation. Dredging and rock laying may be undertaken during windfarm construction. Other construction activities include cable laying, turbine and turbine tower installation, and ancillary structure (e.g. offshore transformers) installation. In addition to this, divers will be used throughout windfarm construction to carry out underwater activities, and they may use a variety of tools. Operation By far the longest phase of a windfarm's life cycle is the operational phase. Low-frequency sound levels can be expected from the turbines. Decommissioning The final stage of a windfarm's life cycle, the majority of which may be a reflection of the installation process. However, the wind turbine foundation decommissioning process is unclear. Options for pile foundation removal include jet and explosive cutting below the seabed. While the process for concrete foundation decommissioning is not known, it may include explosive break-up followed by dredging.

Shipping is a source of underwater noise. Shipping noise may affect mammals, birds and fish. It is also assumed that shipping is a major source of pollution at sea caused by the discharge of waste and loss of cargo. The IMO has assumed responsibility for pollution issues and, over many years, has adopted a wide range of measures to prevent and control pollution caused by ships and to mitigate the effects of any damage that may occur as a result of maritime operations and accidents. In accordance with MARPOL 73/78, far-reaching prohibitions and restrictions on spills and waste at sea are in force. Nevertheless, illegal discharges of oil and toxic or hazardous substances still occur. Maritime transportation can impact on the marine environment through hazardous substances in various ways, including the introduction of oil or other noxious substances (e.g. antifouling), operational discharges, or the loss of vessels and/or cargo. Non-indigenous species can be transferred in ballast water, associated sediments, and by fouling on ships’ hulls.

For wildlife with visual and auditory senses (seabirds, marine mammals) disturbance is an important pressure. It is not always possible to separate visual and auditory stimuli that cause disturbance. Animals might shy away from areas with frequent disturbance, such as kitesurfing and wind-surfing sites in the Voordelta. Another important pressure associated with maritime tourism in the Dutch part of the North Sea is the introduction of litter. Other, minor, pressures include the introduction of synthetic and non-synthetic substances and compounds by ships and yachts, and physical loss and damage.

Dredging and relocation of the dredged material leads to physical damage to the seafloor at dredging and deposition sites and have effects on benthic communities (Stutterheim, 2002). Dredging can release substances from the sediment (Schipper et al., 2010).

The physical impact of bottom tending gear on the benthos results in damage to the physical habitat, which in turn has the potential to cause substantial and long-term changes to benthic ecosystems. Actual changes to different types of benthic ecosystem depend on their intrinsic vulnerability and recovery from the impact, and thus vary among benthic habitat types. Lost fishing nets constitute marine litter. Noise produced by the boats can affect mammals and birds. Non-selective extraction occurs for target as well as non-target species. A general trend towards smaller fish in the fish community over the past few decades is likely to have been caused by fisheries.

The main pressure caused by coastal nourishments is temporary or permanent physical loss of habitat through the smothering of the benthic ecosystem at the sites where the nourishments are carried out. Nourishments also have an effect on sediment transport along the coast.

The main pressure related to sand extraction is physical damage (selective extraction, abrasion and changes in siltation). Sand extraction is a source of underwater noise, and also results in biological disturbance of the benthic community at the site of extraction (V&W, 2009). Recolonization of extraction sites takes 4-6 years. Minor effects include the release of substances from the sediment (e.g. organic matter, sulphides, ammonium, metals) to the water column. The chemical effects of aggregate dredging are however likely to be minor due to the very low organic and clay mineral content of most commercial aggregate deposits in tidal environments. The impacts of sand extraction are mainly local. The duration of the extraction of marine aggregates at a specific site depends on several factors: the volume of dredged material, the type of material, the equipment used and environmental factors as wind, waves, etc. Dredging can last from months to years.

The pressures related to oil and gas activities differ during the different phases – exploration, drilling, construction, operation and decommissioning. The main pressure caused by seismic exploration for oil and gas is underwater noise. Underwater noise is also caused by drilling activities and, to a lesser extent, during the production phase. Drilling activities also cause changes in siltation, mainly through the discharge of cuttings (most of which are deposited in close proximity – within 100 metres – to the platform). During production, the legs of a platform usually cause a physical loss of around 250 m2 per platform (Karman, 2008). After approximately 10 to 25 years, this physical loss will be reversed when the platform is removed (decommissioning). Installation - and removal - of pipelines causes abrasion (i.e. physical disturbance of the seafloor) up to approximately 10 m on each side of the pipeline. Disturbed surface is local. Hazardous substances may be released into the environment by drilling and production activities, but use and discharge of offshore chemicals are subject to strict mining/licensing rules and subsequent inspections. In most cases the produced water (process water), containing hydrocarbons (30 mg/l dispersed oil in OSPAR area), metal salts and mining chemicals (additives) (OSPAR, 2009c). With the ageing of oil and gas fields, the volumes of process water increase (OSPAR, 2009c). Reduction measures have decreased the concentration of dispersed oil in process water over the last decade and an overall reduction in the total discharge of chemicals has been achieved. In some cases process water is re-injected into the reservoir for pressure maintenance, but also to avoid discharges to the sea.

PressureOther-0

PhysLoss-0

Noise-0

PhysDisturbance-0

Noise-0

PhysDam-0

ExtractSpeciesFishShellfish-0

PhysLoss-0

PhysLoss-0

Noise-0

NotReported-0

NotReported-NotReported

Noise-0

Litter-0

Litter-0

NotReported-NotReported

IntroHazSubstOther-0

ExtractSpeciesAll-0

ChangeHydrology-0

Noise-0

IntroHazSubstOther-0

NotReported-0

NotReported-NotReported

NotReported-NotReported

IntroHazSubstOther-0

NotReported-NotReported

NotReported-NotReported

NotReported-NotReported

PhysDam-0

NotReported-NotReported

BioDisturb_other-0

PhysLoss-0

NotReported-0