Member State report / Art11 / 2020 / D1-M / Sweden / Baltic Sea
| Report type | Member State report to Commission |
| MSFD Article | Art. 11 Monitoring programmes (and Art. 17 updates) |
| Report due | 2020-10-15 |
| GES Descriptor | D1 Mammals |
| Member State | Sweden |
| Region/subregion | Baltic Sea |
| Reported by | Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management Gullbergs Strandgata 15, 411 04 Göteborg Box 11930, |
| Report date | 2020-10-16 |
| Report access |
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Monitoring strategy description |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Marine mammals are found high up in the marine food web and are affected both directly and indirectly by human activities. Monitoring of seals (gray seals, harbor seals and ringed seals) and porpoises provides a basis for assessing environmental conditions, based on population size and growth rate, as well as trends in population distribution and health status. These parameters can be affected by a variety of human activities. Hazardous substances can be enriched in the food chain and lead to lower growth rates and reduced population sizes. Underwater noise and other physical disturbance can have both direct effects at the individual level and diffuse effects at the population level. Top predators can also be affected by changes down the food chain that have effects on, for example, different fish species that make up the seals' prey, so-called bottom-up effect as a result of overfishing or other antrophogenic pressures. The monitoring of by-catch and hunting provides a basis for assessing direct impact, while other human activities and pressures that may affect marine mammals and therefore are concidered when assessing mammals, such as underwater noise, fishing activities and hazardous substances, are included in other monitoring strategies.
Except for E.2, there are no targets in place specifically linked to marine mammals, however, the targets for hazardous substances, eutrophication, marine litter and fishing activities are indirectly relevant to acheive good status also for mammals.
The related measures may cause positive changes in the marine mammals populations, but just as for the targets the linkage between the human activities and pressures and how they may impact the populations are not always crystal clear. |
Coverage of GES criteria |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Gaps and plans |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
The monitoring is sufficient enough to assess D1C2, and partly D1C4. The current monitoring of seals focus on monitoring already known population sites, and only partly covers areas outside the known range.
The monitoring of harbour porpoises have recently been improved, so the time series is not yet long enough to provide a baseline. However, the assessment of abundance will be improved in 2024 compared to 2018.
By improving monitoring of different human activities and pressures the aim is to use these data together with data on mobile species to be able to assess D1C5.
Specific plans of improvements:
Grey seals and harbor seals – In addition to visual observations from airplanes we started using cameras during 2020 in several locations to improve the abundance calculations.
We are also expanding the areal coverage of monitoring to improve the assessment of D1C4.
Ringed seal – We are developing an alternative method to monitor the numbers of seals and also the genetic structure within the population in the Bothnian bay, based on individual seals genetics (close-kin mark-recapture).
Harbour porpoise – In 2019 we expanded the areal coverage of monitoring with more click detectors and an additional aerial survey in Kattegat and Skagerrak during 2020 together with Denmark.
Health status - There is ongoing work in Sweden to improve and adjust the monitoring of health status of seals and to include also harbour porpoises (D1C3). The aim is to be able to distinguish health issues caused by different pressures. This is done in close collaboration with other Baltic countries in the expert group HELCOM MAMA.
Bycatch – Monitoring is being improved thanks to a number of ongoing projects in the Baltic Sea, the Sound, Kattegat and Skagerrak. These projects are complementing the regular monitoring of commersial fisheries discards, where bycaught mammals are noted by human observers onboard, but where numbers are to low to enable a confident assessment of D1C1. Cameras onboard are now being tested as a complement to the observers. |
Related targets |
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Coverage of targets |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Related measures |
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Coverage of measures |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024 |
Related monitoring programmes |
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Programme code |
SE-D1-hunting |
SE-D1-hunting |
SE-D1D3-bycatch |
SE-D1D3-bycatch |
SE-D1D4-harbourporpoise |
SE-D1D4-harbourporpoise |
SE-D1D4-harbourporpoise |
SE-D1D4-harbourporpoise |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4-seals |
SE-D1D4D8-mammalhealth |
SE-D1D4D8-mammalhealth |
SE-D1D4D8-mammalhealth |
SE-D1D4D8-mammalhealth |
SE-D1D4D8-mammalhealth |
Programme name |
Hunting of birds and seals |
Hunting of birds and seals |
Bycatch |
Bycatch |
Harbour porpoise |
Harbour porpoise |
Harbour porpoise |
Harbour porpoise |
Seals |
Seals |
Seals |
Seals |
Seals |
Seals |
Marine mammals health status |
Marine mammals health status |
Marine mammals health status |
Marine mammals health status |
Marine mammals health status |
Update type |
New programme |
New programme |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Modified from 2014 |
Old programme codes |
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Programme description |
In Sweden, hunting for seals and certain species of seabirds is regulated by the Hunting Act, the Hunting Ordinance and various supplementary regulations as well as other legally binding documents. The hunt can be carried out either as predator control, license hunting or general hunting. The different types of hunting have partly different purposes and conditions linked to the conduct of the hunt.
The main purpose of the predator control is to limit the damage that wildlife causes to human activities and interests and in some cases the damage that a species causes to other animals and plants. In license hunting, the kills and thus the development of the game stock in question must be adapted to the availability of game and with regard to public and private interests. The hunt must also have a clear purpose, e.g. to prevent the damage caused by wildlife. In the case of general hunting, the hunting right holder has the opportunity to hunt an unlimited number of animals of the permitted type during the permitted hunting period, however, the hunting must be adapted to the availability of game.
Predator control and license hunting is conducted following a decision by an authority. General hunting seasons are regulated in the Hunting Ordinance. The Hunting Ordinance also contains provisions that certain species may be hunted on the hunters own initiative to prevent the damage caused by wildlife.
Historically, intensive hunting has been a contributing factor to some species being endangered, but today hunting is regulated so that it does not cause a negative impact on the viability of stocks. Hunting, however, is one of several human activities that must be monitored in order to be able to follow the development of different populations of birds and seals. |
In Sweden, hunting for seals and certain species of seabirds is regulated by the Hunting Act, the Hunting Ordinance and various supplementary regulations as well as other legally binding documents. The hunt can be carried out either as predator control, license hunting or general hunting. The different types of hunting have partly different purposes and conditions linked to the conduct of the hunt.
The main purpose of the predator control is to limit the damage that wildlife causes to human activities and interests and in some cases the damage that a species causes to other animals and plants. In license hunting, the kills and thus the development of the game stock in question must be adapted to the availability of game and with regard to public and private interests. The hunt must also have a clear purpose, e.g. to prevent the damage caused by wildlife. In the case of general hunting, the hunting right holder has the opportunity to hunt an unlimited number of animals of the permitted type during the permitted hunting period, however, the hunting must be adapted to the availability of game.
Predator control and license hunting is conducted following a decision by an authority. General hunting seasons are regulated in the Hunting Ordinance. The Hunting Ordinance also contains provisions that certain species may be hunted on the hunters own initiative to prevent the damage caused by wildlife.
Historically, intensive hunting has been a contributing factor to some species being endangered, but today hunting is regulated so that it does not cause a negative impact on the viability of stocks. Hunting, however, is one of several human activities that must be monitored in order to be able to follow the development of different populations of birds and seals. |
In the regular sampling carried out on board commercial fishing vessels in accordance with EU data collection regulations ((EU) 2017/1004, (EU) 2016/1251), as well as the regulation on the conservation of fishery resources and the protection of marine ecosystems (EU ) 2019/1241, information regarding by-catch is obtained. All fish species, commercial shellfish, mammals and birds are noted. Sampling takes place mainly on vessels fishing with various bottom trawls.
Data collection carried out according to the EU data collection regulations is coordinated internationally between Member States in regional data collection coordination groups. Sweden participates in two such groups RCG Baltic and RCG North Sea and Eastern Arctic (to which the Skagerrak and Kattegat belong). Furthermore, a lot of international coordination and development work is done within ICES´s various expert groups (for by-catches mainly WGBYC). Sweden participates actively in these groups.
Pilot studies were carried out in 2017-2019 with the aim of conducting by-catch sampling in 2020 in fisheries that use passive gear (nets and hooks).
The purpose is to increase knowledge about by-catches in these fisheries, to test whether it is possible to estimate by-catches by having observers on board fishing boats, and if this is an effective method.
Sampling of nets in the Sound and in the Kattegat will be included in the regular sampling from 2020. However, no ongoing monitoring of passive gear is currently planned in the Baltic Proper as previous pilots observed fewer by-catches there. So based on risk, monitoring in the Sound and Kattegatt are therefore prioritized. The Skagerrak could possibly be added after the pilot study there is completed in 2021.
The pilot studies have shown that it also works to monitor the fish with passive gear with the help of observers (the challenge is that the vessels are small). However, the question remains whether this is the most effective way of estimating the total amount of by-catches in the fisheries. The problem is that observers can only cover a small part of the total fishing effort and that by-catches of many species (such as harbour porpoises and various birds) are relatively uncommon. This means that there will be few observations and thus uncertainty in the estimates of the total amount of by-catches. In 2020, therefore, a new pilot project was initiated where surveillance with the help of cameras is tested and compared with surveillance with the help |
In the regular sampling carried out on board commercial fishing vessels in accordance with EU data collection regulations ((EU) 2017/1004, (EU) 2016/1251), as well as the regulation on the conservation of fishery resources and the protection of marine ecosystems (EU ) 2019/1241, information regarding by-catch is obtained. All fish species, commercial shellfish, mammals and birds are noted. Sampling takes place mainly on vessels fishing with various bottom trawls.
Data collection carried out according to the EU data collection regulations is coordinated internationally between Member States in regional data collection coordination groups. Sweden participates in two such groups RCG Baltic and RCG North Sea and Eastern Arctic (to which the Skagerrak and Kattegat belong). Furthermore, a lot of international coordination and development work is done within ICES´s various expert groups (for by-catches mainly WGBYC). Sweden participates actively in these groups.
Pilot studies were carried out in 2017-2019 with the aim of conducting by-catch sampling in 2020 in fisheries that use passive gear (nets and hooks).
The purpose is to increase knowledge about by-catches in these fisheries, to test whether it is possible to estimate by-catches by having observers on board fishing boats, and if this is an effective method.
Sampling of nets in the Sound and in the Kattegat will be included in the regular sampling from 2020. However, no ongoing monitoring of passive gear is currently planned in the Baltic Proper as previous pilots observed fewer by-catches there. So based on risk, monitoring in the Sound and Kattegatt are therefore prioritized. The Skagerrak could possibly be added after the pilot study there is completed in 2021.
The pilot studies have shown that it also works to monitor the fish with passive gear with the help of observers (the challenge is that the vessels are small). However, the question remains whether this is the most effective way of estimating the total amount of by-catches in the fisheries. The problem is that observers can only cover a small part of the total fishing effort and that by-catches of many species (such as harbour porpoises and various birds) are relatively uncommon. This means that there will be few observations and thus uncertainty in the estimates of the total amount of by-catches. In 2020, therefore, a new pilot project was initiated where surveillance with the help of cameras is tested and compared with surveillance with the help |
There are three populations of Harbour porpoise in Swedish waters: the North Sea, the Belt Sea (western Baltic Sea) and the Baltic Sea population, that are monitored using different methods.
The aim of the monitoring is to follow up population trends in abundance and distribution in international and Swedish waters as these can be affected by e.g. hazardous substances, bycatch, ship traffic and food availability. The large scale airial monitoring is coordinated within OSPAR or trilateral (SE, DK, DE) surveys of the North Sea and the Belt Sea poulations. Static acoustic monitoring of the Baltic Sea and the Belt Sea poulations are performed offshore and in N2000 areas is partially coordinated with neighbouring states.
The monitoring of abundance and distribution is performed in combination with studies of disease and health through surveys of stranded and bycatched individuals.
Harbour porpoise monitoring in the Baltic Sea started 2016.
SE has been part of several internationally coordinated surveys in the North Sea (SCANS 1994, SCANS II 2005, SCANS III 2016) and Baltic Sea (SAMBAH 2011-2013) |
There are three populations of Harbour porpoise in Swedish waters: the North Sea, the Belt Sea (western Baltic Sea) and the Baltic Sea population, that are monitored using different methods.
The aim of the monitoring is to follow up population trends in abundance and distribution in international and Swedish waters as these can be affected by e.g. hazardous substances, bycatch, ship traffic and food availability. The large scale airial monitoring is coordinated within OSPAR or trilateral (SE, DK, DE) surveys of the North Sea and the Belt Sea poulations. Static acoustic monitoring of the Baltic Sea and the Belt Sea poulations are performed offshore and in N2000 areas is partially coordinated with neighbouring states.
The monitoring of abundance and distribution is performed in combination with studies of disease and health through surveys of stranded and bycatched individuals.
Harbour porpoise monitoring in the Baltic Sea started 2016.
SE has been part of several internationally coordinated surveys in the North Sea (SCANS 1994, SCANS II 2005, SCANS III 2016) and Baltic Sea (SAMBAH 2011-2013) |
There are three populations of Harbour porpoise in Swedish waters: the North Sea, the Belt Sea (western Baltic Sea) and the Baltic Sea population, that are monitored using different methods.
The aim of the monitoring is to follow up population trends in abundance and distribution in international and Swedish waters as these can be affected by e.g. hazardous substances, bycatch, ship traffic and food availability. The large scale airial monitoring is coordinated within OSPAR or trilateral (SE, DK, DE) surveys of the North Sea and the Belt Sea poulations. Static acoustic monitoring of the Baltic Sea and the Belt Sea poulations are performed offshore and in N2000 areas is partially coordinated with neighbouring states.
The monitoring of abundance and distribution is performed in combination with studies of disease and health through surveys of stranded and bycatched individuals.
Harbour porpoise monitoring in the Baltic Sea started 2016.
SE has been part of several internationally coordinated surveys in the North Sea (SCANS 1994, SCANS II 2005, SCANS III 2016) and Baltic Sea (SAMBAH 2011-2013) |
There are three populations of Harbour porpoise in Swedish waters: the North Sea, the Belt Sea (western Baltic Sea) and the Baltic Sea population, that are monitored using different methods.
The aim of the monitoring is to follow up population trends in abundance and distribution in international and Swedish waters as these can be affected by e.g. hazardous substances, bycatch, ship traffic and food availability. The large scale airial monitoring is coordinated within OSPAR or trilateral (SE, DK, DE) surveys of the North Sea and the Belt Sea poulations. Static acoustic monitoring of the Baltic Sea and the Belt Sea poulations are performed offshore and in N2000 areas is partially coordinated with neighbouring states.
The monitoring of abundance and distribution is performed in combination with studies of disease and health through surveys of stranded and bycatched individuals.
Harbour porpoise monitoring in the Baltic Sea started 2016.
SE has been part of several internationally coordinated surveys in the North Sea (SCANS 1994, SCANS II 2005, SCANS III 2016) and Baltic Sea (SAMBAH 2011-2013) |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
In Sweden, there are three species of seals - grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida). Each species have a custumized national monitoring programme for estimating the poulation abundance. The aim of monitoring the abundance and distribution of seals is to detect long-term effects of human activities affecting seals as a result of hunting, bycatch, hazardous substances and changes in the food web.
Grey seal monitoring started in 1989
Harbour seal monitoring started in 1988
Ringed seal monitoring started in 1995 |
Marine mammals are top predators in the food chain, which increases the probability of detecting changes in ecosystems and high levels of hazardous substances. Substances found in low levels in fish can be enriched and detected in high levels in seals and porpoises, which makes them suitable as indicator organisms for early detection of changes in the environment.
The primary aim of the monitoring is to study the long-term effects of hazardous substances and other human activities affecting the marine environment by documenting population development for grey seals, harbor seals, ringed seals and harbor porpoises in combination with studies of cause of death, health, diseases and chemical analyzes.
Marine mammals (bycatch, hunted or found dead for unknown reasons) are collected and investigated each year. Monitoring of Baltic seal healths started in 1975 and was expanded with ongoing health and disease monitoring of marine mammals in 2020.
During 2020-2021, the monitoring of the effects of hazardous substances will be evaluated in order to be able to optimize the monitoring programmes both in terms of coverage and costs and to provide a better basis for state assessment and determining the causes of the effects.
Comment: D8C2 was not in the list for the feature Adverse effects on species and habitats, but this criteria is relevant for this programme. |
Marine mammals are top predators in the food chain, which increases the probability of detecting changes in ecosystems and high levels of hazardous substances. Substances found in low levels in fish can be enriched and detected in high levels in seals and porpoises, which makes them suitable as indicator organisms for early detection of changes in the environment.
The primary aim of the monitoring is to study the long-term effects of hazardous substances and other human activities affecting the marine environment by documenting population development for grey seals, harbor seals, ringed seals and harbor porpoises in combination with studies of cause of death, health, diseases and chemical analyzes.
Marine mammals (bycatch, hunted or found dead for unknown reasons) are collected and investigated each year. Monitoring of Baltic seal healths started in 1975 and was expanded with ongoing health and disease monitoring of marine mammals in 2020.
During 2020-2021, the monitoring of the effects of hazardous substances will be evaluated in order to be able to optimize the monitoring programmes both in terms of coverage and costs and to provide a better basis for state assessment and determining the causes of the effects.
Comment: D8C2 was not in the list for the feature Adverse effects on species and habitats, but this criteria is relevant for this programme. |
Marine mammals are top predators in the food chain, which increases the probability of detecting changes in ecosystems and high levels of hazardous substances. Substances found in low levels in fish can be enriched and detected in high levels in seals and porpoises, which makes them suitable as indicator organisms for early detection of changes in the environment.
The primary aim of the monitoring is to study the long-term effects of hazardous substances and other human activities affecting the marine environment by documenting population development for grey seals, harbor seals, ringed seals and harbor porpoises in combination with studies of cause of death, health, diseases and chemical analyzes.
Marine mammals (bycatch, hunted or found dead for unknown reasons) are collected and investigated each year. Monitoring of Baltic seal healths started in 1975 and was expanded with ongoing health and disease monitoring of marine mammals in 2020.
During 2020-2021, the monitoring of the effects of hazardous substances will be evaluated in order to be able to optimize the monitoring programmes both in terms of coverage and costs and to provide a better basis for state assessment and determining the causes of the effects.
Comment: D8C2 was not in the list for the feature Adverse effects on species and habitats, but this criteria is relevant for this programme. |
Marine mammals are top predators in the food chain, which increases the probability of detecting changes in ecosystems and high levels of hazardous substances. Substances found in low levels in fish can be enriched and detected in high levels in seals and porpoises, which makes them suitable as indicator organisms for early detection of changes in the environment.
The primary aim of the monitoring is to study the long-term effects of hazardous substances and other human activities affecting the marine environment by documenting population development for grey seals, harbor seals, ringed seals and harbor porpoises in combination with studies of cause of death, health, diseases and chemical analyzes.
Marine mammals (bycatch, hunted or found dead for unknown reasons) are collected and investigated each year. Monitoring of Baltic seal healths started in 1975 and was expanded with ongoing health and disease monitoring of marine mammals in 2020.
During 2020-2021, the monitoring of the effects of hazardous substances will be evaluated in order to be able to optimize the monitoring programmes both in terms of coverage and costs and to provide a better basis for state assessment and determining the causes of the effects.
Comment: D8C2 was not in the list for the feature Adverse effects on species and habitats, but this criteria is relevant for this programme. |
Marine mammals are top predators in the food chain, which increases the probability of detecting changes in ecosystems and high levels of hazardous substances. Substances found in low levels in fish can be enriched and detected in high levels in seals and porpoises, which makes them suitable as indicator organisms for early detection of changes in the environment.
The primary aim of the monitoring is to study the long-term effects of hazardous substances and other human activities affecting the marine environment by documenting population development for grey seals, harbor seals, ringed seals and harbor porpoises in combination with studies of cause of death, health, diseases and chemical analyzes.
Marine mammals (bycatch, hunted or found dead for unknown reasons) are collected and investigated each year. Monitoring of Baltic seal healths started in 1975 and was expanded with ongoing health and disease monitoring of marine mammals in 2020.
During 2020-2021, the monitoring of the effects of hazardous substances will be evaluated in order to be able to optimize the monitoring programmes both in terms of coverage and costs and to provide a better basis for state assessment and determining the causes of the effects.
Comment: D8C2 was not in the list for the feature Adverse effects on species and habitats, but this criteria is relevant for this programme. |
Monitoring purpose |
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Other policies and conventions |
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Regional cooperation - coordinating body |
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Regional cooperation - countries involved |
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Regional cooperation - implementation level |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
Coordinated data collection |
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Monitoring details |
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Features |
Hunting and collecting for other purposes
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Extraction of, or mortality/injury to, wild species (by commercial and recreational fishing and other activities)
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Fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational)
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Species affected by incidental by-catch
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Small toothed cetaceans
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Small toothed cetaceans
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Coastal ecosystems
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Shelf ecosystems
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Seals
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Seals
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Coastal ecosystems
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Shelf ecosystems
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Coastal ecosystems
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Shelf ecosystems
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Small toothed cetaceans
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Seals
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Coastal ecosystems
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Shelf ecosystems
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Adverse effects on species or habitats
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Elements |
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GES criteria |
NotRelevan |
D1C1 |
D1C2 |
D1C4 |
D4C2 |
D4C2 |
D1C2 |
D1C4 |
D4C1 |
D4C1 |
D4C2 |
D4C2 |
D1C3 |
D1C3 |
D4C4 |
D4C4 |
NotRelevan |
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Parameters |
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Parameter Other |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Abundance (number of individuals) Distribution (ra |
Abundance (number of individuals) Distribution (ra |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Population growth rate (in %) |
Mass Cause of death Blubber thickness Sexual matu |
Mass Blubber thickness Cause of death Presence of |
Fecundity (breeding rate) |
Fecundity (breeding rate) |
Cause of death Presence of parasites Claw lesion |
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Spatial scope |
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Marine reporting units |
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Temporal scope (start date - end date) |
1939-9999 |
1939-9999 |
1996-9999 |
1996-9999 |
1994-9999 |
1994-9999 |
1994-9999 |
1994-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1988-9999 |
1975-9999 |
1975-9999 |
1975-9999 |
1975-9999 |
1975-9999 |
Monitoring frequency |
Yearly |
Yearly |
3-monthly |
3-monthly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
Yearly |
As needed |
As needed |
As needed |
As needed |
As needed |
Monitoring type |
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Monitoring method |
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Monitoring method other |
The collection of huntingstatistics is largely based on feedback from the hunters themselves. For example, decisions on predator control and license hunting often require reporting to the decision-making authority as soon as possible after animals have been shot in connection with the hunt. The compilation of statistics in the database ”Viltdata” is largely based on the hunters voluntarily reporting killed animals to the database. |
The collection of huntingstatistics is largely based on feedback from the hunters themselves. For example, decisions on predator control and license hunting often require reporting to the decision-making authority as soon as possible after animals have been shot in connection with the hunt. The compilation of statistics in the database ”Viltdata” is largely based on the hunters voluntarily reporting killed animals to the database. |
Catches and by-catches are monitored with the help of observers who accompany the fishing vessels during commercial fishing. The regular sampling is divided into area, fisheries and quarters. This means that observations are made every quarter from different types of bottom trawls (shrimp trawl, crayfish trawl with grate, trawl without grate). Usually, in the order of 0.5-2% (different for different types of fisheries) of commercial fishing trips are observed. The fishing trips observed are selected at random. Observations of by-catch within the framework of the pilot studies are carried out in the same manner. The observers examine the entire process during which the fishing gear is hauled so that also by-catches that do not follow on board but fall out of the nets can be registered. Furthermore, the observers examine the entire sorting of the catch. The observers then measure and weigh the catch and take samples for biological analysis. Remote surveillance using cameras onboard is being tested during 2020, and may supplement the monitoring in the future. |
Catches and by-catches are monitored with the help of observers who accompany the fishing vessels during commercial fishing. The regular sampling is divided into area, fisheries and quarters. This means that observations are made every quarter from different types of bottom trawls (shrimp trawl, crayfish trawl with grate, trawl without grate). Usually, in the order of 0.5-2% (different for different types of fisheries) of commercial fishing trips are observed. The fishing trips observed are selected at random. Observations of by-catch within the framework of the pilot studies are carried out in the same manner. The observers examine the entire process during which the fishing gear is hauled so that also by-catches that do not follow on board but fall out of the nets can be registered. Furthermore, the observers examine the entire sorting of the catch. The observers then measure and weigh the catch and take samples for biological analysis. Remote surveillance using cameras onboard is being tested during 2020, and may supplement the monitoring in the future. |
Monitoring of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, is performed with two major methods - line transect through aircraft monitoring and a static acoustic methods. The monitoring methods used will be described in 2020.
Aircraft are used to count the number of porpoises along predetermined transects. The method is suitable for high densities. With acoustic methods, Harbour porpoise sounds are recorded either by stationary click detectors that are placed in specific places during a specific period to collect sound, or by hydrophones that are towed after a ship.
Within SCANS and SCANS II projects, line taxation was mainly used by aircraft and boat, while SCANS III was only carried out with flight inventory in Swedish waters. Acoustic methods were used to complement the visual observations during SCANS and SCANS-II.
The SAMBAH project used static acoustic methods with click detectors (C-POD) to monitor the distribution and occurrence of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea. |
Monitoring of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, is performed with two major methods - line transect through aircraft monitoring and a static acoustic methods. The monitoring methods used will be described in 2020.
Aircraft are used to count the number of porpoises along predetermined transects. The method is suitable for high densities. With acoustic methods, Harbour porpoise sounds are recorded either by stationary click detectors that are placed in specific places during a specific period to collect sound, or by hydrophones that are towed after a ship.
Within SCANS and SCANS II projects, line taxation was mainly used by aircraft and boat, while SCANS III was only carried out with flight inventory in Swedish waters. Acoustic methods were used to complement the visual observations during SCANS and SCANS-II.
The SAMBAH project used static acoustic methods with click detectors (C-POD) to monitor the distribution and occurrence of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea. |
Monitoring of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, is performed with two major methods - line transect through aircraft monitoring and a static acoustic methods. The monitoring methods used will be described in 2020.
Aircraft are used to count the number of porpoises along predetermined transects. The method is suitable for high densities. With acoustic methods, Harbour porpoise sounds are recorded either by stationary click detectors that are placed in specific places during a specific period to collect sound, or by hydrophones that are towed after a ship.
Within SCANS and SCANS II projects, line taxation was mainly used by aircraft and boat, while SCANS III was only carried out with flight inventory in Swedish waters. Acoustic methods were used to complement the visual observations during SCANS and SCANS-II.
The SAMBAH project used static acoustic methods with click detectors (C-POD) to monitor the distribution and occurrence of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea. |
Monitoring of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, is performed with two major methods - line transect through aircraft monitoring and a static acoustic methods. The monitoring methods used will be described in 2020.
Aircraft are used to count the number of porpoises along predetermined transects. The method is suitable for high densities. With acoustic methods, Harbour porpoise sounds are recorded either by stationary click detectors that are placed in specific places during a specific period to collect sound, or by hydrophones that are towed after a ship.
Within SCANS and SCANS II projects, line taxation was mainly used by aircraft and boat, while SCANS III was only carried out with flight inventory in Swedish waters. Acoustic methods were used to complement the visual observations during SCANS and SCANS-II.
The SAMBAH project used static acoustic methods with click detectors (C-POD) to monitor the distribution and occurrence of Harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
All three seal species are monitored using either helicopter (grey seal) or fixed wing aircrafts (Harbour seal and Ringed seal) in combination with surveylance camera and visual observation. Al three monitoring methods will be described in 2020. |
"https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/vagledning--lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/patologi-hos-grasal-vikaresal-och-knubbsal.html
Selected harbour porpoises are examined at the laboratories of the Swedish Veterinary Institute in collaboration with the staff of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
During inspection before autopsy, the following biological data are noted:
Sex, external dimensions, weight, any damage to the body,
During autopsy the following biological data are noted:
Nutrient condition / blubber thickness, sexual maturity, pregnancy, external damage, including any damage from human activities (eg fishing nets), organ damage, including microscopic examination and X-ray if necessary, infectious substances, parasites and other diseases, stomach contents, age
" |
"https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/vagledning--lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/patologi-hos-grasal-vikaresal-och-knubbsal.html
Selected harbour porpoises are examined at the laboratories of the Swedish Veterinary Institute in collaboration with the staff of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
During inspection before autopsy, the following biological data are noted:
Sex, external dimensions, weight, any damage to the body,
During autopsy the following biological data are noted:
Nutrient condition / blubber thickness, sexual maturity, pregnancy, external damage, including any damage from human activities (eg fishing nets), organ damage, including microscopic examination and X-ray if necessary, infectious substances, parasites and other diseases, stomach contents, age
" |
"https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/vagledning--lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/patologi-hos-grasal-vikaresal-och-knubbsal.html
Selected harbour porpoises are examined at the laboratories of the Swedish Veterinary Institute in collaboration with the staff of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
During inspection before autopsy, the following biological data are noted:
Sex, external dimensions, weight, any damage to the body,
During autopsy the following biological data are noted:
Nutrient condition / blubber thickness, sexual maturity, pregnancy, external damage, including any damage from human activities (eg fishing nets), organ damage, including microscopic examination and X-ray if necessary, infectious substances, parasites and other diseases, stomach contents, age
" |
"https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/vagledning--lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/patologi-hos-grasal-vikaresal-och-knubbsal.html
Selected harbour porpoises are examined at the laboratories of the Swedish Veterinary Institute in collaboration with the staff of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
During inspection before autopsy, the following biological data are noted:
Sex, external dimensions, weight, any damage to the body,
During autopsy the following biological data are noted:
Nutrient condition / blubber thickness, sexual maturity, pregnancy, external damage, including any damage from human activities (eg fishing nets), organ damage, including microscopic examination and X-ray if necessary, infectious substances, parasites and other diseases, stomach contents, age
" |
"https://www.havochvatten.se/hav/vagledning--lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/patologi-hos-grasal-vikaresal-och-knubbsal.html
Selected harbour porpoises are examined at the laboratories of the Swedish Veterinary Institute in collaboration with the staff of the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
During inspection before autopsy, the following biological data are noted:
Sex, external dimensions, weight, any damage to the body,
During autopsy the following biological data are noted:
Nutrient condition / blubber thickness, sexual maturity, pregnancy, external damage, including any damage from human activities (eg fishing nets), organ damage, including microscopic examination and X-ray if necessary, infectious substances, parasites and other diseases, stomach contents, age
" |
Quality control |
In order to assess the reliability of the hunting statistics, the responsible authority can check that the statistics do not deviate in any improbable way. Furthermore, the various reporting requirements and the design of the decisions constitute a quality assurance in itself. |
In order to assess the reliability of the hunting statistics, the responsible authority can check that the statistics do not deviate in any improbable way. Furthermore, the various reporting requirements and the design of the decisions constitute a quality assurance in itself. |
Sampling takes place through a random selection of ships/voyages. The observers bring with them a manual for determining the species of birds and also photograph captured birds as much as possible. Data is registered in the national database Fiskdata2 according to the updated manual. Data is examined and checked in several respects. Quality assurance includes control reading routines of entered data against protocols, automatic quality control of data within the database and manual quality control of data (identification of outliers). |
Sampling takes place through a random selection of ships/voyages. The observers bring with them a manual for determining the species of birds and also photograph captured birds as much as possible. Data is registered in the national database Fiskdata2 according to the updated manual. Data is examined and checked in several respects. Quality assurance includes control reading routines of entered data against protocols, automatic quality control of data within the database and manual quality control of data (identification of outliers). |
As harbour porpoises move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of harbour porpoise is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As harbour porpoises move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of harbour porpoise is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As harbour porpoises move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of harbour porpoise is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As harbour porpoises move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of harbour porpoise is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
As seals move over large areas, coordinated monitoring is a prerequisite for obtaining a correct assessment of the population's distribution and abundance. The monitoring of seals is therefore coordinated between the countries concerned. |
Autopsies or organ examinations are performed by a veterinarian or biologist with experience in the field of veterinary medical pathology and, if necessary, in collaboration with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Laboratory analyzes are performed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. |
Autopsies or organ examinations are performed by a veterinarian or biologist with experience in the field of veterinary medical pathology and, if necessary, in collaboration with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Laboratory analyzes are performed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. |
Autopsies or organ examinations are performed by a veterinarian or biologist with experience in the field of veterinary medical pathology and, if necessary, in collaboration with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Laboratory analyzes are performed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. |
Autopsies or organ examinations are performed by a veterinarian or biologist with experience in the field of veterinary medical pathology and, if necessary, in collaboration with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Laboratory analyzes are performed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. |
Autopsies or organ examinations are performed by a veterinarian or biologist with experience in the field of veterinary medical pathology and, if necessary, in collaboration with the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA). Laboratory analyzes are performed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. |
Data management |
Statistics on killed animals in predator control and license hunting are available from the respective responsible authority and can be made available on request. Statistics on license and general hunting can be found in the Swedish Hunters' Association's database ”Viltdata”. |
Statistics on killed animals in predator control and license hunting are available from the respective responsible authority and can be made available on request. Statistics on license and general hunting can be found in the Swedish Hunters' Association's database ”Viltdata”. |
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Data access |
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Contact |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se |
References |