Member State report / Art11 / 2020 / D1-P / Sweden / Baltic Sea

Report type Member State report to Commission
MSFD Article Art. 11 Monitoring programmes (and Art. 17 updates)
Report due 2020-10-15
GES Descriptor D1 Pelagic habitats
Member State Sweden
Region/subregion Baltic Sea
Reported by Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management Gullbergs Strandgata 15, 411 04 Göteborg Box 11930,
Report date 2020-10-16
Report access

Descriptor
D1.6
Monitoring strategy description
"Properties that control the condition of the pelagic habitat are physical, optical and chemical variables, such as temperature, salinity, currents, oxygen supply, nutrient inputs, pH and alkalinity. These factors can be affected by a number of different human activities, both land- and seabased, which give rise to, e.g. pollution, eutrophication and climate change. Physical exploitation also risks changing fundamental conditions in the pelagic environment, see more in the strategy for D7. The plankton community forms the basis of the marine food web and thus interacts with higher trophic guilds, such as fish, birds and marine mammals. Changes at some level in the food chain can thus affect other levels, so how we, for example, manage fish and seal stocks can indirectly affect the state of the plankton community. The plankton community can also be directly affected by organic pollution, hazardous substances and the introduction of invasive alien species. Monitoring the input of nutrients and hazardous substances, as well as introductions of alien species and fishing activities are included in other monitoring strategies. With today's monitoring, it is difficult to identify the direct causes of changes in state of pelagic habitats, which makes it difficult to link environmental effects to specific human activities. Long time series on the dynamics of the plankton community and also better data on human activities and their impact are necessary to find the right explanatory models. The understanding of the functional parts of the plankton community in the food web also needs to be improved in order to be able to link the effects of changes in the plankton communities to other parts of the food webs, see the strategy for D4. The data collection need to be representative, so that it captures spatial and temporal variation, as well as large-scale climate variations in order to distinguish these from the changes that are due to local or regional impact. The current vessel-based monitoring programme has been designed to cover offshore and coastal waters with a few representative biological stations, thus enabling overall monitoring of the areas. The local monitoring programmes and the coordinated recipient control programmes are largely located in coastal areas where human impact may occur. Through analysis of the species composition of the plankton populations, it is also possible to some extent to distinguish whether changes occur due to climate change or other
Coverage of GES criteria
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024
Gaps and plans
"In relation to the dynamics of the phytoplankton community the current monitoring of chlorophyll has a low resolution in time and space, which has led to low confidence in state assessments. The development of monitoring with remote sensing will provide better spatial coverage of chlorophyll. Monitoring of optical characteristics are currently being developed to enable calibration and implementation of remote sensing methodology. See programme Remote sensing of the water column. The monitoring of phytoplankton covers all sea basins, but the WFD state classification would benefit from increasing the monitoring of species composition in coastal waters. The zooplankton monitoring is under development by including gelatinous zooplankton and by improving the methodology for more reliable calculations of biomass of zooplankton. Work is also underway to develop new methods for monitoring using automated sampling and measurements, for example from ferry box systems or bottom- or buoy-mounted measurement systems. Methods are already in place and routines are being developed for automated measurements of temperature, salt and oxygen by the use of probes on ships, buoys and measuring systems, or on moving gliders. For monitoring ocean acidification, there are also automated instruments and routines for measuring pCO2 in water, e.g. from a ferry box system. The available methodology for automated measurements of, e.g. pH and inorganic nutrients requires validation for Swedish sea areas. All methods have advantages and disadvantages, but complement each other. To understand the dynamics of the water column, it is important to monitor currents, waves and sea levels. In Sweden, there is a comprehensive network of sea level measurements (started 1774) and in addition, mobile sea level gauges have been tested successfully. There are plans to improve the spatial coverage of current patterns and waves by developing new methods using SAR and HF radars (available through Copernicus marine services). "
Related targets
  • ANSSE-A.1_Tillförsel_näringsämnen
  • ANSSE-B.1_Tillförsel_farliga_ämnen_halt
  • BALSE-A.1_Tillförsel_näringsämnen
  • BALSE-B.1_Tillförsel_farliga_ämnen_halt
Coverage of targets
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024
Related measures
  • ANSSE-M034 - 'National environmental targets'
  • ANSSE-M036 - 'Water Management Regulation 2004: 660'
  • BALSE-M036 - 'Water Management Regulation 2004: 661'
Coverage of measures
Adequate monitoring will be in place by 2024
Related monitoring programmes
  • SE-D1D4-zooplankton
  • SE-D1D4D5-phytoplankton
  • SE-D1D5-optical
  • SE-D1D5-oxygenph
  • SE-D1D5D7-remote
  • SE-D1D7-tempsalinity
  • SE-D1D7-wavecurrents
Programme code
SE-D1D4-zooplankton
SE-D1D4D5-phytoplankton
SE-D1D5-optical
SE-D1D5-oxygenph
SE-D1D5D7-remote
SE-D1D7-tempsalinity
SE-D1D7-wavecurrents
Programme name
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton (including pelagic bacteria and harmful algal blooms)
Water column – optical properties
Water column – chemical characteristics (oxygen and pH)
Remote sensing of the water column
Water column – physical characteristics (temp, ice cover, salinity)
Water column – hydrological characteristics (currents, wave action, sea-level)
Update type
Modified from 2014
Modified from 2014
Modified from 2014
Modified from 2014
New programme
Modified from 2014
Modified from 2014
Old programme codes
  • ANSSE-PEL-D14-Djurplankton
  • BALSE-PEL-D14-Djurplankton
  • ANSSE-PEL-D145-Algblomning
  • ANSSE-PEL-D145-Pigment
  • ANSSE-PEL-D145-Vaxtplankton
  • BALSE-PEL-D145-Algblomning
  • BALSE-PEL-D145-Pigment
  • BALSE-PEL-D145-Vaxtplankton
  • ANSSE-EUTRO-D5-Transparens
  • BALSE-EUTRO-D5-Transparens
  • ANSSE-EUTRO-D5-Forsurning
  • ANSSE-EUTRO-D514-Syre
  • BALSE-EUTRO-D5-Forsurning
  • BALSE-EUTRO-D514-Syre
  • ANSSE-HYDRO-D7-Tempsalt
  • BALSE-HYDRO-D7-Tempsalt
  • ANSSE-HYDRO-D7-Strommar
  • BALSE-HYDRO-D7-Strommar
Programme description
Zooplankton are located between phytoplankton and fish in the food web and thus constitute an important link as they can reduce the amount of phytoplankton acting as predators and at the same time act as food for species higher up in the trophy levels such as fish. Different groups of zooplankton have different functions in the food web as some are herbivores and others carnivores. By monitoring abundance, species diversity, and the biomass of zooplankton, one can thus capture potential changes in the food web as a result of, for example, eutrophication, fishing or other human activities. Zooplankton monitoring started in the Baltic Sea in the early 1970s, but regular data is only available at data hosts from 1994. In the North Sea, regular monitoring started in 1998. Since 2007, continuous sampling of gelatinous zooplankton has been ongoing at Släggö in Gullmarsfjorden and in 2020 the monitoring was extended to other zooplankton stations.
The purposes of monitoring phytoplankton, blooms, bacterioplankton and primary production are to follow short- and longterm effects of eutrophication, climate change and changes in foodwebs. Monitoring is conducted in both offshore and coastal areas as well as in areas with more pressures in terms of run-offs and point sources. Starting year: Regular monitoring of phytoplankton started in 1983 in the Baltic Sea and 1986 in the North Sea. Chorophyll a has been monitored since 1982. Earliest data on bacterioplankton is available from 1989 and primary production from 1979. Algae blooms has been monitored using remote sensing since 2002. Specify frequency: 1-26 times a year Algae blooms – Daily There is an ongoing work on developing improved methods and, above all, collaboration in the area of remotely analyzed chlorophyll using satellites.
The optical properties of water refer to the conditions for light to be able to travel through the body of water. The Secchi depth is a property that is measured to assess the transparency of the water, but to gain more knowledge about the color and turbidity of the water, it is also important to measure chlorophyll, turbidity, colored disolved organic material (CDOM) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Monitoring the water's optical properties is among other things a prerequisite for being able to develop remote sensing models. In the Gulf of Bothnia and the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, it is difficult to monitor chlorophyll with remote sensing because these areas are highly affected by CDOM and SPM, which have a similar color to chlorophyll. The development of new methods and models (remote sensing algorithms) for better estimates of chlorophyll is therefore dependent on observational data of chlorophyll, CDOM and SPM for calibration / validation of the remote sensing results, see more in programme Remote sensing of the water column. Eutrophication and climate change can be the underlying causes of changes in the water's optical properties. The color and turbidity of the water are affected by both living and dead material in the water mass. Living material, such as phytoplankton, is controlled by for example weather and nutrient supply while the amount of dead material is controlled by for example runoff from land and land use. The goal is that the monitoring of the water's optical properties in combination with remote sensing of the water column should be able to follow changes over time, and be able to link the changes to human activities. Coordinated measurements of the "optical properties of the water" began in the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Proper in 2018 and are under development. Secchi depth have been measured in its current form since 1993, but observations are available from national data hosts from 1967. Chlorophyll a is measured for various purposes, and has since 2018 been measured according to a new method that is suitable for monitoring the water's optical properties in support of remote sensing. For other monitoring of chlorophyll a, see programme Phytoplankton (including pelagic bacteria and harmful algal blooms). There is data on CDOM from 2017 within the project SEAmBOTH. However, humic substances, which is a similar parameter, has been measured since 1975. Measurements of SPM within the national environmental monitorin
Oxygen supply in the water mass is a prerequisite for most marine organisms and a lack of oxygen can thus have major effects on marine habitats and biodiversity. Changed oxygen concentration can be an effect of eutrophication as an increased amount of nutrients leads to increased production of biomass which when it is decomposed consumes oxygen. Changes in oxygen concentrations may also be due to hydrographic or climate-related conditions. The ocean is acidified as an effect of carbon dioxide emissions that have led to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in seawater, carbonic acid is formed, which leads to falling pH and the oceans becoming more acidic. Sea acidification can also be caused by exhaust fumes, from for example ships and industry, containing sulfur- and nitric oxid. In the air these oxids are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which reacts with water droplets that acidify the seawater. Sea acidification can have far-reaching consequences for organisms and ecosystems. Among other things by affecting the species that have shells or skeletons of lime. Climate change and ocean acidification are expected to together lead to changes in the distribution of species and food webs. Oxygen measurements from the Baltic Sea are available from the 1890s, but the measurements are sparse and have low reliability due to unreliable measurement technology. Since 1902, the oxygen measurements have been performed using basically the same method, so-called Winkler titration. In the North Sea, oxygen began to be measured in 1970. pH monitoring started in 1993. Monitoring frequency varies between 2-weekly to monthly. Work is underway to develop new methods for monitoring using automated sampling and measurements, for example from ferry box systems or bottom- or buoy-mounted measurement systems. Methods are already in place and routines are being developed for automated measurements of oxygen by the use of probes on ships, buoys and measuring systems, or on moving gliders.
The Sentinel family is a number of satellites that are part of the European space program Copernicus and can be used for environmental monitoring. With their large geographical coverage, satellites are an excellent complement to field measurements of the water column (for example chlorophyll) provided that the satellite products are locally adapted with acceptable accuracy. With the data collected by the satellites and their instruments, various variables can be calculated that can provide better knowledge of the condition in pelagic habitats and the possible extent of the effects of eutrophication. The monitoring complements the field measurements described in the programmes Phytoplankton, Water column - physical characteristics and Water column - optical properties. Sentinel 3A was launched in 2016, and Sentinel 3B in 2018. Data are collected from other satellites further back in time, for example from NASA's SeaWiFS (1997 - 2010). Sentinel 3D, the last of that generation, will be launched in 2021. In addition to monitoring harmful algal blooms during the summer (mainly cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea), there is no ongoing programme for calculating data obtained by remote sensing, but it is under development. Since 2019, SMHI has been tasked with creating an infrastructure for the production of aquatic products, such as chlorophyll maps (data files), adapted to cover all of Sweden's land and water surfaces, as well as making them publically available. The goal is to have the monitoring in operation by 2022.
The purpose of the monitoring is to study long-term changes in the marine environment with regard to temperature, ice conditions and salinity, which are basic physical parameters in the sea. These, together with pressure, determine the density of the water. The density determines the stratification, which in turn affects the mixture of seawater. Density gradients can impede the transport of substances (for example, the flow of oxygen) to the deep water. Horizontal density gradients create large-scale currents, such as the Baltic surface current along Sweden's west coast. Because marine organisms are adapted to certain temperature and salinity ranges, changes in temperature and salinity can affect the entire food web. Changes can occur because of climate change, but also locally because of the construction of sea-based structures, see also the programme Physical disturbance and loss. The current regular environmental monitoring started in 1993, but measurements have been performed since 1880, for example from Swedish lightships. In-situ data are collected at a high frequency but reworked to give, for example, an average value over a ten-minute measurement period every hour from buoys, or an average value for each half-meter depth from a CTD profile. Measurements with CTD profiles are performed between 1 and 24 times a year, usually in connection with eutrophication sampling. Satellites and merchant ships also contribute with data. Since international collaborations such as EuroGOOS (the European Global Ocean Observing System) make other countries' data available, model products that use this data cover almost the entire North Sea and the entire Baltic Sea. Daily ice maps of the entire Baltic Sea are produced during the period November to May based on satellite data and in-situ data from icebreakers and ice reporters. Work is underway to develop new methods for monitoring using automated sampling and measurements, for example from ferry box systems or bottom- or buoy-mounted measurement systems. Methods are already in place and routines are being developed for automated measurements of temperature, salt and oxygen by the use of probes on ships, buoys and measuring systems, or on moving gliders. Comment: D7C2 was not in the list for the feature Hydrographical changes, but this criteria is relevant for this programme.
The purpose of the monitoring is to study long-term changes in the marine environment with regard to the hydrological condition of the sea. Currents, waves and water levels give rise to a physical impact on marine habitats and in addition have effects on human activities. Currents transport water masses and can thus change the pelagic habitat in a few minutes and gaining insight into how the water masses move is thus central to the understanding of the ecosystem. An example is the inflows to the Baltic Sea, where salty oxygen-rich water enters through the Sound (the strait that separates Sweden and Denmark) during severe storms. This salty oxygen-rich water can replace low-oxygen water in bottom areas in the southern Baltic Sea and improve the oxygen situation for at least a couple of months. Waves are of course also important for both maritime activities and marine life. Waves can both give a resuspension of nutrients in shallow areas (the bottom sediment is stirred up and nutrients, as well as any hazardous substances, can get into the water mass), affect currents and have effects on beach areas (erosion and more). Waves and currents also transport nutrients, organisms and marine litter to the coasts of Sweden from other countries. In addition to a climate indicator, the sea level is a prerequisite for life in the tidal zone and not at least for blue growth. The Swedish Meterological and Hydrological Institiute (SMHI) send out warnings at extreme water levels. High sea levels can have major effects on communities by leading to floods. Low sea levels can affect shipping that may be forced to take detours or go with less cargo. Another example is nuclear power plants whose cooling can potentially be affected. The Swedish measurements of currents began in the early 1880s with measurements from lightships. Data on currents, however, are available from earliest 1945, but the first regular observations started in 1978 when currents began to be measured from lighthouses. Since then, the measurements have developed. Wave measurements by SMHI started in 1978. The serie of measurements of seawater levels in Stockholm is the longest in the world. The measurements started as early as 1774 at Slussen in Stockholm. In 1889, a mareograph was built on Skeppsholmen, which is still active. To complement the current programme, mobile sea level gauges have been tested successfully. There are plans to improve the spatial coverage of current patterns and waves by developing n
Monitoring purpose
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Effectiveness of measures
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Effectiveness of measures
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Pressures in the marine environment
  • Effectiveness of measures
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Environmental state and impacts
  • Environmental state and impacts
Other policies and conventions
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Habitats Directive
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Habitats Directive
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Habitats Directive
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Habitats Directive
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
  • HELCOM Monitoring programmes
  • Habitats Directive
  • Maritime Spatial Planning Directive
  • Monitoring programme targeting at national legislation
  • OSPAR Coordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme
  • Water Framework Directive
Regional cooperation - coordinating body
  • HELCOM
  • OSPAR
  • HELCOM
  • OSPAR
  • HELCOM
  • OSPAR
  • HELCOM
  • OSPAR
  • HELCOM
  • OSPAR
Regional cooperation - countries involved
Regional cooperation - implementation level
Coordinated data collection
Coordinated data collection
Coordinated data collection
Coordinated data collection
Joint data collection
Monitoring details
Features
Other pelagic habitats
Coastal ecosystems
Shelf ecosystems
Pelagic broad habitats
Coastal ecosystems
Shelf ecosystems
Coastal ecosystems
Shelf ecosystems
Coastal ecosystems
Shelf ecosystems
Eutrophication
Pelagic broad habitats
Eutrophication
Hydrographical changes
Physical and hydrological characteristics
Eutrophication
Pelagic broad habitats
Eutrophication
Benthic broad habitats
Chemical characteristics
Pelagic broad habitats
Eutrophication
Hydrographical changes
Pelagic broad habitats
Physical and hydrological characteristics
Hydrographical changes
Pelagic broad habitats
Physical and hydrological characteristics
Hydrographical changes
Physical and hydrological characteristics
Elements
  • Zooplankton communities
  • Zooplankton communities - gelatinous
  • Planktivores
  • Secondary producers
  • Sub-apex pelagic predators
  • Planktivores
  • Secondary producers
  • Sub-apex pelagic predators
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • Primary producers
  • Primary producers
  • Primary producers
  • Primary producers
  • Primary producers
  • Primary producers
  • Chlorophyll-a
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Diatoms & Dinoflagellates
  • Phytoplankton communities
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • CDOM - colored dissolved organic matter
  • Scattering and absorption in the visible light spectrum (400-700 nm)
  • Transparency
  • Transparency
  • Turbidity (silt/sediment loads)
  • Transparency
  • Turbidity (silt/sediment loads)
  • Chlorophyll-a
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • Dissolved oxygen (O2)
  • Circalittoral coarse sediment
  • Circalittoral mud
  • Circalittoral sand
  • Infralittoral coarse sediment
  • Infralittoral mud
  • Infralittoral sand
  • Offshore circalittoral coarse sediment
  • Offshore circalittoral mud
  • Offshore circalittoral sand
  • Dissolved carbon dioxide (pCO2)
  • H2S
  • pH
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • Chlorophyll-a
  • CDOM - colored dissolved organic matter
  • Scattering and absorption in the visible light spectrum (400-700 nm)
  • Transparency
  • Temperature
  • Transparency
  • Turbidity (silt/sediment loads)
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • Ice
  • Mixing
  • Residence time
  • Upwelling
  • Temperature
  • Water density
  • Ice
  • Mixing
  • Residence time
  • Upwelling
  • Salinity
  • Temperature
  • Coastal pelagic habitat
  • Shelf pelagic habitat
  • Variable salinity pelagic habitat
  • Sea level
  • Current regime
  • Sea level
  • Wave regime
  • Current regime
  • Wave regime
GES criteria
D1C6
D4C2
D4C2
D1C6
D4C1
D4C1
D4C2
D4C2
D4C4
D4C4
D5C2
D5C3
D1C6
D5C4
D7C1
NotRelevan
NotRelevan
D1C6
D5C5
D6C5
NotRelevan
D1C6
D5C2
D5C4
D7C1
D1C6
D7C1
D7C1
D1C6
D7C1
D7C1
NotRelevan
Parameters
  • Other
  • Abundance (number of individuals)
  • Biomass
  • Abundance (number of individuals)
  • Biomass
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Primary production
  • Other
  • Other
  • Abundance (number of individuals)
  • Biomass
  • Other
  • Abundance (number of individuals)
  • Biomass
  • Other
  • Primary production
  • Productivity
  • Primary production
  • Productivity
  • Concentration in water
  • Duration
  • Extent
  • Frequency
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Other
  • Transparency of water
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Concentration in water
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Concentration in water
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • pco2 - alkalinity
  • Concentration in water
  • Ph
  • Other
  • Concentration in water
  • Transparency of water
  • Extent
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
  • Extent
  • Other
Parameter Other
Abundance (number of individuals), Biomass, Specie
Abundance (number of individuals) Biomass Species
Species composition Cell counts Biomass Productivi
Species composition
Species composition
Cell counts
Cell counts
Species composition
Species composition
Transparency / turbidity of water column Concentra
Concentration in water
Transparency / turbidity of water column
Transparency / turbidity of water column
Oxygen debt Ph pco2 - alkalinity Concentration in
Oxygen debt
Oxygen debt H2S Ph pco2 - alkalinity Concentratio
Concentration in water Transparency of water Trans
Ice thickness Salinity temperature Hydrological co
Ice thickness
Using salinity and temperature the following param
Ice thickness temperature Using salinity and tempe
Water density
Ice thickness
Using salinity and temperature the following param
Salinity Using salinity and temperature the follow
Ice thickness temperature Using salinity and tempe
Tidal range/level Current velocity Wave action
Tidal range/level
Current velocity
Tidal range/level
Wave action
Current velocity
Wave action
Spatial scope
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Beyond MS Marine Waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Beyond MS Marine Waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Beyond MS Marine Waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Beyond MS Marine Waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Beyond MS Marine Waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
  • Coastal waters (WFD)
  • EEZ (or similar)
  • Territorial waters
Marine reporting units
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Oresund
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Alands_hav
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bornholmshavet_och_Hanobukten
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Oresund
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Alands_hav
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bornholmshavet_och_Hanobukten
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Oresund
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Alands_hav
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bornholmshavet_och_Hanobukten
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Oresund
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Alands_hav
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bornholmshavet_och_Hanobukten
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
  • ANS-SE-AA-BG_Vasterhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-BG_Bottniska_Viken
  • BAL-SE-AA-BG_Egentliga_Ostersjon
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Kattegatt
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Oresund
  • ANS-SE-AA-B_Skagerrak
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Alands_hav
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Arkonahavet_och_S_Oresund
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bornholmshavet_och_Hanobukten
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenhavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_Bottenviken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_N_Kvarken
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_O_Gotlandshavet
  • BAL-SE-AA-B_V_Gotlandshavet
Temporal scope (start date - end date)
1994-9999
1979-9999
1967-9999
1893-9999
2022-9999
1893-9999
1774-9999
Monitoring frequency
2-weekly
Other
Other
Other
Daily
Other
Hourly
Monitoring type
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • Remote satellite imagery
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • Remote satellite imagery
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • Remote satellite imagery
  • In-situ sampling coastal
  • In-situ sampling offshore
  • Numerical modelling
  • Remote satellite imagery
  • Remote surveillance
  • Remote surveillance
Monitoring method
  • HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring of mesozooplankton
  • OSPAR CEMP Guideline: Common Indicator: PH1/FW5 Plankton lifeforms (Agreement 2018-07)
  • Other monitoring method
  • HELCOM Guidelines for measuring chlorophyll a
  • HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring phytoplankton species composition, abundance and biomass
  • OSPAR CEMP Eutrophication Monitoring Guidelines: Phytoplankton Species Composition (Agreement 2016-06)
  • OSPAR CEMP Guideline: Common Indicator: PH1/FW5 Plankton lifeforms (Agreement 2018-07)
  • OSPAR JAMP Eutrophication Monitoring Guidelines: Chlorophyll a in Water (Agreement 2012-11) (Replaces Agreement 1997-04)
  • Other monitoring method
  • HELCOM Guidelines for measuring Secchi depth
  • HELCOM Guidelines for measuring turbidity
  • Other monitoring method
  • HELCOM Guidelines for sampling and determination of dissolved oxygen
  • HELCOM Guidelines for sampling and determination of hydrogen sulphide
  • HELCOM Guidelines for sampling and determination of pH
  • HELCOM Guidelines for sampling and determination of total alkalinity
  • OSPAR Revised JAMP Eutrophication Monitoring Guideline: Oxygen (Agreement 2013-05) (Replaces Agreement 1997-03)
  • Other monitoring method
  • Other monitoring method
  • HELCOM Guidelines for determination of salinity and temperature using CTD
  • Other monitoring method
  • HELCOM Manual for monitoring in COMBINE programme
  • Other monitoring method
Monitoring method other
"https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/djurplankton-trend--och-omradesovervakning.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/geleplankton.html"
"https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/vaxtplankton.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/bakteriell-syrekonsumtion.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/hydrografi-och-narsalter-trendovervakning.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/primarproduktion.html https://www.smhi.se/data/oceanografi/algsituationen"
"https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/primarproduktion.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/siktdjup.html"
"https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/syrehalt-i-bottenvatten-kartering.html https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/primarproduktion.html https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/hasec/eutrophication/common-procedure"
Sweden are monitoring coastal and marine waters using Copernicus Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 data with the general aim to better assess dynamics and state through integrated use of Earth Observation, models and in-situ data.
https://www.havochvatten.se/vagledning-foreskrifter-och-lagar/vagledningar/ovriga-vagledningar/undersokningstyper-for-miljoovervakning/undersokningstyper/hydrografi-och-narsalter-trendovervakning.html
Currents are often measured with ADCP, acoustic doppler current profiles, which are placed on the bottom and measure in the water column. Waves are usually measured with a wave buoy that is equipped with an accelerometer. Data is transmitted via GSM or iridium (satellite link to the internet). Sea levels are measured in mareographs using the stilling well technique; radar and/or pressure sensors with automatic data transfer to a data centre.
Quality control
https://www.havochvatten.se/download/18.55c45bd31543fcf8536bb64f/1463040882078/bilaga-till-djurplankton.pdf
All analyzes of the national samples are analyzed by Swedac-accredited laboratories. Sampling is also performed using quality-assured and accredited methodology. The results are intercalibrated by the laboratories participating in various test comparisons, as well as by self-arranged comparisons between the national monitoring contractors. There are also regular intercalibrations for phytoplankton and chlorophyll between the Baltic Sea countries, as well as annual knowledge transfer between experts from these laboratories.
Routines for quality control will be specified in the method standard that is under development.
The laboratories are Swedac-accredited according to ISO 17025. Oxygen profile data are reviewed according to ICES's advice and reported according to international standards such as IPTS-68, ITS-90 and PSS-78. Quality review takes place at national and international level (through ICES) and data is used within assimilation and research, which take into account differences in measurement uncertainty.
Data from the satellites' sensors undergoes a regular recalibration, (called re-processing) where data is flagged as suspicious due to various factors such as clouds, solar reflections, impact from land pixels and more. For products such as chlorophyll, an automated quality control takes place depending on where they are sourced from. Usually there are one or more scientific publications that describe the methods (equations) and how well these correspond to reality (assessment of model quality, validation).
The laboratories are Swedac-accredited according to ISO 17025. Profile data are reviewed according to ICES's advice and reported according to international standards such as IPTS-68, ITS-90 and PSS-78. Quality review takes place at national and international level (through ICES) and data is used in assimilation and research, which takes into account differences in measurement uncertainty.
Data undergoes rigorous automated quality control. Extreme values are filtered out or flagged. Some manual review occurs.
Data management
Data are available for download at the national data host SMHI. Data are also reported to ICES, Helcom, Ospar and EEA. SMHI also shares data through SeaDataNet, which has defined Inspire standards for marine data, as well as through EMODnet. Data are freely available through these sources. Computer products, such as SMHI's annual estimate of the total area of anoxic bottoms in the Baltic Sea, can also be collected from SMHI.
Reprocessed ocean color data is available with daily average images from 2016 to today, at the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service. Eventually, data will also be available from SMHI, who are developing a publically available infrastructure for the production of aquatic products adapted to cover all of Sweden's land and water surfaces.
Observation data from the monitoring is made available at the national data host SMHI through several services including Sharkweb, Sharkdata and SeaDataNet. Modeled data are available via SMHI and Copernicus marine services. Daily Ice Maps during November to May are available at SMHI's ice service
Data is stored at SMHI and shared in the networks BOOS, NOOS, Seadatacloud and Copernicus marine services. The Swedish Maritime Administration's measurements are available in a system called ViVa (Wind and Water Information) via the web and an app.
Data access
Related indicator/name
Contact
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
miljoovervakning@havochvatten.se
References