Member State report / Art10 / 2018 / D8 / Baltic

Report type Member State report to Commission
MSFD Article Art. 10 Environmental targets (and Art. 17 updates)
Report due 2018-10-15
GES Descriptor D8 Contaminants
Region/subregion Baltic
Reported by Member state
Member state
Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Germany
Denmark
Sweden
Member state report
Reporting area(s) MRUs used
  • BAL-FI
  • BAL-FI-AS
  • BAL-FI-BB
  • BAL-FI-BS
  • BAL-FI-GF
  • BAL-FI-NB
  • BAL-FI-QK
  • BAL-EE-AA
  • BAL-LV-AAA-006
  • BAL-LT-AA-01
  • BAL-LT-MS-01
  • BAL-POL-MS-001
  • L2-SEA-007-POL
  • L2-SEA-008-POL
  • L2-SEA-009-POL
  • L3-24
  • L4-POL-001
  • L4-POL-002
  • L4-POL-003
  • L4-POL-004
  • L4-POL-005
  • L4-POL-006
  • L4-POL-007
  • L4-POL-008
  • L4-POL-009
  • L4-POL-010
  • L4-POL-011
  • L4-POL-012
  • L4-POL-013
  • L4-POL-015
  • L4-POL-016
  • L4-POL-017
  • L4-POL-018
  • L4-POL-019
  • BALDE_MS
  • DK-TOTAL-part-BAL
  • BAL-SE-RG-Ostersjon
Features Structure, functions and processes of marine ecosystems: Species
  • Marine species (3)
  • Benthic-feeding birds (1)
  • Surface-feeding birds (1)
  • Grazing birds (1)
  • Marine species (3)
  • Pelagic shelf fish (4)
  • Marine species (2)
  • All birds (2)
  • All fish (2)
  • All mammals (2)
Features Structure, functions and processes of marine ecosystems: Habitats
  • All habitats (1)
  • Benthic habitats (2)
  • Pelagic habitats (2)
Features Structure, functions and processes of marine ecosystems: Ecosystems, including food webs
  • Bathymetry (6)
  • Seabed substrate and morphology (6)
  • All trophic guilds (1)
  • Ecosystems, including food webs (1)
Features Structure, functions and processes of marine ecosystems: No theme
  • All marine ecosystem elements (1)
Features Anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment: Biological
  • Extraction of, or mortality/injury to, wild species (by commercial and recreational fishing and other activities) (1)
  • Disturbance of species (e.g. where they breed, rest and feed) due to human presence (1)
  • Input or spread of non-indigenous species (4)
  • Extraction of, or mortality/injury to, wild species (by commercial and recreational fishing and other activities) (2)
Features Anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment: Physical
  • Physical disturbance to seabed (1)
  • Physical loss of the seabed (1)
Features Anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment: Substances, litter and energy
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (41)
  • Input of litter (solid waste matter, including micro-sized litter) (1)
  • Input of nutrients - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition (1)
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (12)
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (1)
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (50)
  • Input of litter (solid waste matter, including micro-sized litter) (4)
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (10)
  • Input of other substances (e.g. synthetic substances, non-synthetic substances, radionuclides) - diffuse sources, point sources, atmospheric deposition, acute events (1)
Features Pressure levels and impacts in marine environment: Chemical
  • Acute pollution events (2)
  • Contaminants - UPBT substances (3)
  • Contaminants - in seafood (3)
  • Contaminants - non UPBT substances (3)
  • Acute pollution events (6)
  • Contaminants - UPBT substances (45)
  • Contaminants - non UPBT substances (45)
  • Acute pollution events (1)
  • Contaminants - UPBT substances (2)
  • Contaminants - in seafood (2)
  • Contaminants - non UPBT substances (2)
  • Acute pollution events (3)
  • Contaminants - UPBT substances (8)
  • Contaminants - non UPBT substances (3)
  • Contaminants - UPBT substances (2)
  • Contaminants - in seafood (1)
  • Contaminants - non UPBT substances (2)
Features Uses and human activities in or affecting the marine environment: Transport
  • Transport - shipping (6)
  • Transport - shipping (2)
  • Transport infrastructure (1)
GES components
  • D1 Biodiversity (7)
  • D1 Birds (1)
  • D1 Mammals (1)
  • D10 Litter (7)
  • D11 Energy, incl. underwater noise (7)
  • D2 Non-indigenous species (1)
  • D3 Commercial fish and shellfish (1)
  • D4 Food webs/D1 Ecosystems (1)
  • D5 Eutrophication (1)
  • D6 Sea-floor integrity/D1 Benthic habitats (7)
  • D6C5 Benthic habitat condition (1.6, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.6.3, 6.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 6.2.4) (1)
  • D7 Hydrographical changes (7)
  • D8 Contaminants (48)
  • D9 Contaminants in seafood (42)
  • D10 Litter (2)
  • D2 Non-indigenous species (1)
  • D5 Eutrophication (2)
  • D8 Contaminants (3)
  • D8C1 Contaminants in environment (8.1, 8.1.1) (11)
  • D8C3 Significant acute pollution events (8.2.2) (1)
  • D9 Contaminants in seafood (1)
  • D8 Contaminants (3)
  • D9 Contaminants in seafood (3)
  • D1 Birds (1)
  • D8 Contaminants (3)
  • D8C4 Adverse effects of significant pollution events (8.2.2) (1)
  • D9 Contaminants in seafood (3)
  • D1 Mammals (1)
  • D1C3 Population demographic characteristics (1.3, 1.3.1) (1)
  • D4C4 Trophic guild productivity (4.1, 4.1.1) (1)
  • D8C1 Contaminants in environment (8.1, 8.1.1) (45)
  • D8C2 Adverse effects of contaminants (8.2, 8.2.1) (5)
  • D8C3 Significant acute pollution events (8.2.2) (3)
  • D8C4 Adverse effects of significant pollution events (8.2.2) (3)
  • D1 Birds (10)
  • D1 Fish (10)
  • D1 Mammals (10)
  • D1 Pelagic habitats (10)
  • D10 Litter (4)
  • D2 Non-indigenous species (4)
  • D4 Food webs/D1 Ecosystems (10)
  • D6 Sea-floor integrity/D1 Benthic habitats (10)
  • D8 Contaminants (10)
  • D9 Contaminants in seafood (10)
  • D8C1 Contaminants in environment (8.1, 8.1.1) (6)
  • D8C2 Adverse effects of contaminants (8.2, 8.2.1) (4)
  • D8C3 Significant acute pollution events (8.2.2) (1)
  • D8C4 Adverse effects of significant pollution events (8.2.2) (2)
  • D1 Birds (2)
  • D1 Fish (2)
  • D1 Mammals (2)
  • D1C6 Pelagic habitat condition (1.5.2, 1.6, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.6.3) (2)
  • D4 Food webs/D1 Ecosystems (2)
  • D6C5 Benthic habitat condition (1.6, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.6.3, 6.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 6.2.4) (2)
  • D8C1 Contaminants in environment (8.1, 8.1.1) (2)
  • D8C2 Adverse effects of contaminants (8.2, 8.2.1) (2)
  • D8C3 Significant acute pollution events (8.2.2) (2)
  • D9C1 Contaminants in seafood (9.1, 9.1.1) (1)
Target Number defined
6
5
1
2
5
10
11
2
Target code/description
TIETO3: Finland's maritime chartographic products are included in the ISO S-100 data model of International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Up-to-date topographic and navigational data products are available for planning and monitoring.
AINE1: Point and riverine inputs of mercury, cadmium and nickel decrease from industry and diffuse sources.
ALUE1: Maritime spatial planning is carried out in a way that it advances the achievement of good environmental status in marine environment.
AINE4: Response capacity for oil and chemical accidents is secured.
AINE2: Atmospheric deposition of mercury, cadmium, dioxins and polybrominated diphenylethers decrease to Finnish marine area.
AINE3: Use of hazardous priority substances (PBDE, PFOS, HBCD, NP/NPE, DEHP, DBP, BBP, SCCP) in industry and consumer products ends or at least decreases.
Target 23: Target 23 - stepwise reduction of anthropogenic inputs of hazardous substances prioritised for Estonian marine area (HELCOM core indicator substances which did not achieve GES).
BALEE-T35: BALEE-T35 - ships visiting Estonian ports are fulfilling environmental requirements set by international conventions.
BALEE-T32: BALEE-T32 - reducing the environmental impact from ship loading and unloading activities in ports.
BALEE-T33: BALEE-T33 - reducing the environmental impact from stormwater runoffs (point sources) to the sea.
BALEE-T31: BALEE-T31 - Estonian national ability to respond to spillages of oil and other harmful substances is in regionally agreed level.
JVM5:
7: Reduce the release of hazardous chemicals into the marine environment.
6: Maintain favourable conditions for winter seabirds in their winter areas and reduce their mortality due to the addition of oil products and by-catches in commercial fishing gear.
PL_Target_white tailed eagle: Maintaining or increasing the productivity of the white-tailed eagle by maintaining or reducing the current level of anthropogenic pressure associated with the introduction of synthetic and non-synthetic compounds into the environment and disturbance in breeding sites.
PL_Target_D8C2: The impact of pollutants on marine fauna and flora at various levels: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, individual and population, taking into account cumulative and synergistic effects, is at the level that guarantees the proper functioning of organisms, taking into account the preservation of normal physiological functions and thus maintaining the correct species structure and range of habitats.
PL_Target_D8C3: Occurrence of significant acute pollution events, defined in Article 2 (2) of Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on pollution coming from ships and introduction of sanctions in case of violation of law (Dz.U. UE L 255 z 30.09.2005), including crude oil and similar compounds, are reduced to a minimum by implementing appropriate measures at the operational level and security systems.
PL_Target_D8C1: Reduction or maintenance at current level the inflow of contaminants introduced into the marine environment from marine sources, including an application of measures to minimize releases of contaminants resulting from significant acute pollution event and from land sources in order to achieve or maintain concentrations of pollutants in the biotic and abiotic elements of the marine ecosystem at levels below the permitted thresholds, below which the probability of occurrence of undesirable effects of hazardous substances on marine organisms is minimal and which are in line with the recommendations of current national and international legal acts and which guarantee the achievement or maintenance of good environmental status. Concentrations of priority substances and other contaminants, with particular attention to organic substances that behave as ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, selected in accordance with the WFD, listed in Part A of Annex I to Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC in the scope of priority substances in the field of water policy (Dz.U. UE L 226 z 24.08.2013), hereinafter referred to as the "priority directive", measured in certain matrices do not exceed the environmental quality standards (EQS) indicated in the priority directive or threshold values determined regionally or at national level, if not specified in the priority directive. Concentrations of River Basin Specific Pollutants, listed in Annex VIII to the WFD do not exceed the threshold values established in accordance with the WFD. Concentrations of substances particularly harmful to the aquatic environment, specific synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants (referring to the water bodies of all categories) listed in Annex 6 to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 21 July 2016 on the method of classification of the surface water bodies and environmental quality standards for priority substances (Dz.U. poz.1187) do not exceed the threshold values indicated in the same document. Concentrations of other pollutants or groups of substances that may cause pollution effects in the region and considered at the regional level to be significant for the assessment of the status of the environment do not exceed the threshold values determined regionally or at the national level.
PL_Target_D8C4: Impact of pollutants, originating from releases resulting from significant acute pollution events on the structure of species (listed in Table 1 of Part II of Commission Decision 2017/848) and on the range of habitats (listed in Table 2 of part II of the Commission Decision), is reduced to a minimum by implementing actions and security systems aimed at to eliminate the presence of pollution of an abrupt nature.
UZO5: The objective is "Seas without pressures from waste". The objective is implemented by means of the operational objectives UZO5.1, UZO5.2 and UZO5.3. The environmental objectives established in 2012 and their description under the 2012 MSFD report continue to apply. They are the basis for the 2016-2021 programme of measures notified to the European Commission in 2016. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text report shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on the state of achievement of the target, this will be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO2.2: Atmospheric emissions from the atmosphere must be further reduced. The environmental objectives established by Germany in 2012 are the basis for the 2016-2016 programme of measures for 2021- notified to the European Commission. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text of the text shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on progress towards achieving the target will this be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO2: The objective is ?Seas without pollution by pollutants?. The objective is implemented by means of the operational objectives TSO2.1, UZO2.2, UZO2.3, UZO2.4 and UZO2.5. The environmental objectives established in 2012 and their description under the 2012 MSFD report continue to apply. They are the basis for the 2016-2016 programme of measures for 2021- notified to the European Commission. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text of the text shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on progress towards achieving the target will this be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO5.2: Hazardous waste proven to be present in marine organisms (in particular, microplastics) is approaching zero zero in the long term. The objective is "Seas without pressures from waste". The environmental objectives established in 2012 and their description under the 2012 MSFD report continue to apply. They are the basis for the 2016-2021 programme of measures notified to the European Commission in 2016. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text report shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on the state of achievement of the target, this will be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO5.1: Continuous reduction of inputs and already present waste result in a significant reduction of waste with harmful effects on the marine environment on beaches, the sea surface, the water column and the seabed. The objective is "Seas without pressures from waste". The environmental objectives established in 2012 and their description under the 2012 MSFD report continue to apply. They are the basis for the 2016-2021 programme of measures notified to the European Commission in 2016. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text report shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on the state of achievement of the target, this will be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO2.4: Entrances of oil and oil products and mixtures into the sea must be reduced and avoided. This concerns illegal, permitted and unintentional entries. Entries by shipping are only permitted according to the strict requirements of the MARPOL Convention; in order to reduce them further, an adaptation or change of the MARPOL appendices is necessary. The environmental goals set by Germany in 2012 form the basis for the MSFD program of measures 2016-2021 reported to the EU Commission in 2016. Since the implementation of the measures only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for an update of the environmental goals is often not yet possible. Where possible, the achievement of objectives or the implementation status of the measures is shown in the text report. Only in individual cases where there is an indicator assessment of the progress towards achieving the goal is this reported under ProgressAssessment. This is omitted for the indicator evaluations relevant to Art. 10 "Type and quantity of entries" and "Size and quantities of polluted sea surface", since the status of the indicator development and evaluation is already reported under Art. 8_GES (D8C3). Reference is made to Art. 8_GES reporting on D8.
UZO2.3: Emission of pollutants from marine sources such as shipping must be reduced. This applies in particular to gaseous and liquid discharges, but also to the introduction of solid substances. Discharges from shipping are regulated under MARPOL
UZO2.5: Pollutant concentrations in the marine environment and the resulting pollution effects are to be reduced and due to good environmental status. The environmental objectives established by Germany in 2012 are the basis for the 2016-2016 programme of measures for 2021- notified to the European Commission. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text of the text shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on progress towards achieving the target will this be reported in the Progress Assessment. The relevant indicator assessments ?concentrations of pollutants in water, organisms and sediments?, ?Biological pollutant effects? and ?contaminants in seafood?, as relevant for Article 10, are not included here, since detailed reports are already provided under Article 8_GES (D8C1, D8C2 and D9C1). Reference is made to Article 8_ESG reporting on D8 and D9.
UZO5.3: Other adverse environmental effects (such as entanglement and strangulation) are reduced to a minimum. The objective is "Seas without pressures from waste". The environmental objectives established in 2012 and their description under the 2012 MSFD report continue to apply. They are the basis for the 2016-2021 programme of measures notified to the European Commission in 2016. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text report shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on the state of achievement of the target, this will be reported in the Progress Assessment.
UZO2.1: Pollutant emissions from the rivers need to be further reduced. Reduction targets have been laid down in the programmes of measures of the WFD management plans. The environmental objectives established by Germany in 2012 are the basis for the 2016-2016 programme of measures for 2021- notified to the European Commission. Since the implementation of the measures was only started in 2016, an assessment of the progress and effectiveness of the measures as a basis for updating the environmental objectives is often not yet possible. Where possible, the text of the text shows the achievement of objectives and/or the state of implementation of the measures. Only in individual cases where an indicator assessment is available on progress towards achieving the target will this be reported in the Progress Assessment.
DK-T8.1: Discharges of contaminants in the water, sediment and living organisms do not lead to exceeding of the environmental quality standards applied in current legislation
DK-T8.4: There is a gradual decrease in the levels of imposex/intersex in marine gastropods
DK-T8.7: The Ministry of Environment and Food ensures increased coordination between policy areas/directives when new national environmental quality requirements are set for selected substances in matrices, where there is monitoring data
DK-T8.2: Emissions, discharges and losses of PBDE and Mercury are ceased or phased out
DK-T8.6: The Ministry of Environment and Food is working to ensure that more indicators are established
DK-T8.5: By 2021, a process has been carried out to trace the source of the most polluting substances which prevent meeting the environmental targets laid Down for surface Water bodies in the Water Framework Directive. If necessay, the relevant licences and permits will be revised as far as possible.
DK-T8.9: The spatial extent and duration of acute pollution events is gradually reduced as much as possible through prevention, monitoring and risk-based scaling of contingency and response facilities.
DK-T8.10: Adverse effects on marine mammals and birds from acute pollution events are prevent-ed and minimised as much as possible. For example, this may be secured by means of floating booms as well as through contingency plans for marine mammals and birds injured in oil spills.
DK-T8.8: The Ministry of Environment and Food is working to develop additional regional joint tests for biological impacts. No appropriate feature could be found
DK-T8.3: The Ministry of Environment and Food contributes to work regionally and in the EU regarding establishment of threshold values and determination of good environmental status, and works to ensure that the quantities of contaminants are in accorance hereto.
DK-T8.11: Up to the next monitoring programme (2020), the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will examine how the adverse effects of the most significant pollution events can be monitored and registered in the specific cases.
BALSE-B.2_Tillförsel_farliga_ämnen_effekt: B.2 Hazardous substances in the marine environment supplied by human activities must not cause adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystems. B.2 Hazardous substances in the marine environment introduced through human activities shall not cause adverse effects on biological diversity and ecosystems.
BALSE-B.1_Tillförsel_farliga_ämnen_halt: B.1. The supply of hazardous substances from human activities shall be reduced until it does not cause levels of dangerous substances which prevent good environmental status from being achieved. B.1 Input of hazardous substances from human activities shall decrease until it does not cause concentrations of hazardous substances that prevent good environmental status from being achieved.
Target value No. of parameters/elements with quantitative values
  • Not reported (48 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (11 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (3 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Reported (3 - 100.0%)
  • Not reported (56 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (10 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (11 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
  • Not reported (2 - 100.0%)
  • Reported (0 - 0.0%)
Target status No. of assessments per category
  • Target not yet achieved (48 - 100.0%)
  • Status not reported (5 - 45.5%)
  • Target not yet achieved (6 - 54.5%)
  • Target achieved (2 - 66.7%)
  • Target not yet achieved (1 - 33.3%)
  • Target not yet achieved (3 - 100.0%)
  • Status not reported (56 - 100.0%)
  • Status not reported (10 - 100.0%)
  • Target not yet achieved (11 - 100.0%)
  • Target not yet achieved (2 - 100.0%)
Assessment period No. of targets per period
2018-2024 (48 - 100.0%)
2011-2016 (8 - 72.7%)
2017-2022 (3 - 27.3%)
2011-2012 (1 - 33.3%)
2011-2016 (2 - 66.7%)
2012-2017 (3 - 100.0%)
2011-2015 (3 - 5.4%)
2011-2016 (49 - 87.5%)
2014-2016 (4 - 7.1%)
2011-2016 (10 - 100.0%)
2018-2024 (11 - 100.0%)
2011-2016 (2 - 100.0%)
Timescale to achieve targets No. of targets per date
2024-12 (48 - 100.0%)
2024-01 (1 - 6.7%)
2027-12 (13 - 86.7%)
2028-01 (1 - 6.7%)
2020-12 (3 - 100.0%)
2030-12 (4 - 100.0%)
2022-12 (56 - 100.0%)
2020-12 (10 - 100.0%)
2024-10 (11 - 100.0%)
2020-12 (2 - 100.0%)
Update date No. of targets per date
2018-07 (48 - 100.0%)
2019-03 (15 - 100.0%)
2016-07 (3 - 100.0%)
2017-02 (4 - 100.0%)
2018-09 (1 - 1.8%)
2018-12 (55 - 98.2%)
2018-10 (10 - 100.0%)
2019-04 (11 - 100.0%)
2018-12 (2 - 100.0%)
Update type No. of targets per category
  • New target (40 - 83.3%)
  • Same as 2012 definition (8 - 16.7%)
  • Modified from 2012 definition (11 - 73.3%)
  • New target (4 - 26.7%)
  • New target (3 - 100.0%)
  • Same as 2012 definition (4 - 100.0%)
  • Modified from 2012 definition (49 - 87.5%)
  • New target (7 - 12.5%)
  • Same as 2012 definition (10 - 100.0%)
  • Modified from 2012 definition (5 - 45.5%)
  • New target (6 - 54.5%)
  • Modified from 2012 definition (2 - 100.0%)
Related indicators No. of different indicators reported
13
7
3
3
6
1
5
2
Related measures No. of different measures reported
6
4
1
2
1
9
5
2